Interoperability for sustainable transport

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Countervailing influences of 1. Vehicle-based
emissions and 2. Pervasive mobile wireless
ICT on economic sustainability of transport
Christopher J Skinner BSc(Eng) MEngSc MIEAust
MIEE MACS CPEng Principal, DISplay Pty Ltd email
cjskinner_at_acslink.net.au presentation
to Institute of Transport and Logistics
Studies February 2005
DISplay Pty Ltd
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This is not a research report more a collection
of issues for discussion,and possiblyfor
further consideration wherean issue is judged to
be significant
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AGENDA

• The Transport Task
• Issues arising
• Energy and Emissions - Sustainability
• Aftercasting - Telecommuting
• ICT for Transport
• Benefit / Cost / Risk analysis
• Conclusions

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Moving Information
Transport is all
about
Telematics Vehicle Systems
Surface Transport Infrastructure

• ITS Architecture
• Standards

Moving Goods
Moving People
Wireless Telecommunications
INTEROPERABILITY
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Transport system goals

• A transport system should provide a safe, secure
  and efficient level of service to users
• Travel time variability and duration should be
  minimised
• To provide the service resource usage should be
  minimised
• Unnecessary stops and route diversions should be
  avoided
• Safety hazards to people and property should be
  mitigated
• The security of people and freight should be
  assured at all times

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THE TRANSPORT TASK

• AusLink and other sources
• Pax intra-urban
• Freight task
• Charging bases fuel excise, other taxes, by
  axle, by distance (VKT), by weight, by axle, by
  geographic and time-based area charges
• Metro task ? regional / long haul
• Key factors
• Intermodality
• Tolling road pricing

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Services are made of

• Actors or participants (living or system)
• Use cases or scenarios series of actions
  taken by actors and the results of the actions
• Interfaces between systems and subsystems that
  provide the services according to the scenarios
• Data objects that are replicated, processed or
  saved
• According to agreed standards and protocols
• Working with an architecture or framework

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Actors and Use Cases for ITS architecture
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Transport service requirements

• The essential requirements for transport services
  are
• Availability of relevant, timely and accurate
  information
• Data from many sources must be fused
• The information must be accessible and usable
• Effective query and search capability is
  essential
• Privacy and anonymity must be assured
• Many disparate systems must be integrated
• to provide interoperable services

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Interoperability defined
Interoperability is defined as The ability of
systems to provide services to and accept
services from other systems and to use the
services so exchanged to enable them to operate
effectively together ISO TC204 document N271
quoted in Intelligent Transport Systems
Architecture. Bob McQueen Judy McQueen. Artech.
1999
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A challenge for interoperability !
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Interoperability defined

• Business level (Australian Logistics Council
  2002)
• Interoperability The ability for partners to
  coordinate information and processes, especially
  across an electronic network
• Technical level (IS0 TC204 document N271 1999)
• Interoperability The ability of systems to
  provide services to and accept services from
  other systems and to use the services so
  exchanged to enable them to operate effectively
  together
• Software level (Greenfield Software Factories
  2004)
• Interoperability is a measure of how easy it is
  to compose the software of other systems. This is
  determined by how well the software exposes its
  functionality through programmatic interfaces and
  how much context must be maintained by the other
  systems to use those interfaces

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Issues For Transport Safety Security

• Safety road accident statistics ? vehicle
  inherent safety
• cost of accidents (fatalities, injuries,
  property)
• driver assistance, Distress Call (E-call in EU)
• Security track and trace
• people ID biometrics
• containers ESCM
• bulk? eg fertiliser
• vehicle ID eg Electronic Registration
  Identification ERI
• Vulnerability risk assessment
• threat intelligence
• command, control, communications, computers
  intelligence C4I
• data fusion
• threat assessment eg stationary vehicles

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Issues For Transport Sustainability

• Sustainability
• energy usage renewable, finite
• emissions vehicle
• energy generation (eg electricity)
• GHG, Nox air quality ? medical costs
• Waste
• distance travelled due to
• congestion,
• misrouting,
• time delays from
• additional distance
• other delay
• additional fuel consumed

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ISSUES FOR TRANSPORT - EFFICIENCY

• Efficiency
• benefits / costs / risks
• costs per unit (km, pax, tonne)
• costs per operating hour other variable costs eg
  crew
• indirect costs (externalities)
• ROI for fixed costs (cost/year)
• Benefit cost / hr benefit (unit km UKT)

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Freight transportation is really (product
inventory WIP materials)while it is in
transit
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Energy Consumption

• Energy usage is increasing
• Non-renewable energy resources are declining
• Increasing emissions from energy consumption,
  including
• Noxious emissions Nox
• Greenhouse gases GHG
• Transport share of energy consumption, which is
  f(increasing demand)

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Emissions are a function of

• Emissions function of
• ( VKT, payload weight/volume, engine efficiency,
  fuel type, other factors)
• where
• VKT vehicle-kilometres travelled
• Payload is either
• Number of passengers and/or
• Tonnes of goods carried
• Volume is either
• f(weight, density) or
• f(space per passenger, space for baggage, crew,
  access and egress etc)

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Energy usage for transport metrics

• Measure joules per transport unit VKT, pax-km
  tonne-km (UKT)
• Efficiency direct transport consumption,
  unproductive consumption
• Additional concept of time taken for travel ?
• Value of time saved/consumed for journey
• Other key performance indicators KPI are needed

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Economic Sustainability f(

• Demand for transport function of
• (land use,
• demographics,
• pricing,
• alternatives modes)
• Levels of service to be provided, load factors,
  route diversity
• Magnitude of transport task
• Energy consumption (joules/transport unit
  Kilometres travelled)
• Propulsion efficiency, unused capacity,
• Other variable costs f(journey time, number of
  vehicles)
• Return on investment in fixed assets

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Waste and Unproductive usage

• Traffic stops and delay
• Contention for access intersection,
  rail-crossing
• Congestion eg aircraft holding, freight terminal
  slots, car-park
• Non-optimum routeing
• Transfer coordination delays
• Unused capacity

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INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
ICTFOR TRANSPORT LOGISTICS
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Aftercasting Telecommuting

• An Aftercast compares earlier projection to the
  present actual outcomes
• Telematics is a relatively new area which
  develops new information technologies. It is
  anticipated to affect travel patterns and
  mobility partly through substitution of
  telecommunications for travel. Travel is expected
  to be replaced, or drastically reduced, mainly by
  telecommuting (Bovy 1990) p267
• Bovy reported on predictions that corporate
  regional centres would be set up to reduce the
  need for travel
• Bovy also reports a Swiss study which projected
  reductions in commuter traffic due to teleworking
  of 8 to 15 percent over the period to 2025
• (Route Choice Wayfinding in Transport
  NetworksP.H.L Bovy and E. Stern. Kluwer Academic
  Publishers. 1990 Section 7.2.2 Telematics)

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Qualifications on the forecast

• Telecommuting assumed fixed places of work
  fixed comms network
• did NOT foresee mobility, wireless connectivity
  or ubiquitous networks including wireless and
  mobility, and
• did NOT comprehend the motivational aspects of
  work location and accessibility
• Telematics was not originally associated
  exclusively with vehicle-based systems

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Issues for Wireless ICT

• 4Cs for wireless ICT
• capacity,
• coverage,
• compatibility,
• convenience gt pervasive communications
• Location-based services
• Services-oriented architecture based on Web
  Services technology and standards
• Security privacy
• Number of mobile phones gt number of road vehicles

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Implications for Transport Logistics

• The impact of time use and energy use for
  transport and communications will have an
  increasing impact on land use
• Predictions should allow for disruptive changes
  in technologies plus the resulting innovation
  that flows from these break-throughs
• Mobility will be part of everything we do
• Workplace will not be defined by static physical
  domains
• Energy economy ? costs of energy plus
  externalities will be part of pricing

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ICT Measurement Capabilities

• Position, location, speed, position and intended
  movement PIM (track), route, origin,
  destination
• Dynamic behaviour
• Speed mean instantaneous
• Route choices lanes, tracks, links, waypoints,
  link speeds, link congestion
• State of vehicle
• Operator identity
• load, wheel/axle load, number of pax
• fuel state / range
• Emissions instantaneous, cumulative
• ltdoors opengt
• Payload condition (eg temperature), integrity
  (eg seal), manifest

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Visual Intercommunication Model
Distraction
Location
DRIVER
Adjacent Objects
Visibility
Decision-making
Association
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Communications Evolution

• Visual signals ? VMS ? Nav Systems ? eg VICS
  (Japan)
• Visual stimuli need drivers gaze attention
• Variable / dynamic message signs clear
  concise but brief
• Navigation systems with external real-time
  information
• Vehicle Information Communications System (10m
  units / 75m veh)
• Audio radio ? voicemail ? SMS ? WAP ? multimedia
  mail
• Potential distraction for driver not well
  quantified / controlled
• Audio-visual combinations
• eg windscreen projection
• Navigation systems guidance
• Haptic (physical interaction)
• Direct to/from vehicle rather than involving
  driver
• one-way, interactive

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Progression in Wireless Communication media

• Acoustic audible, ultrasonic
• Radio frequencies RF
• line-of-sight LOS (eg UHF, DSRC, radar),
  satellite
• Beyond line-of-sight (eg HF, ad-hoc networks)
• Optical visible, infra-red
• flag ? lights ? VMS/DMS ? graphics ? GUI
• Propagation mechanism
• broadcast, multicast (especially
  publish/subscribe)
• station-to-station, person-to-person
• Simplex, duplex, half-duplex

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Technologies in Wireless Communications

• Broadcast radio AM, FM, digital, Highway
  Advisory Radio
• Multiplexing TDM, FDM, CDM, OFDM
• Technology generation for cellular phone service
• Currently 2G (GSM, CDMA) ? 2.5G (GPRS) ? 3G,
  I-mode ???
• Increased data-capacity especially for multimedia
  content
• Increasing range of services available eg email,
  web, subscription
• Range of services carried eg broadband,
  multimedia
• Interoperability
• ACA call for submissions on private band
  management
• DSRC eg ETC
• CALM

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Communications service quality

• Quality of Service QoS capacity, channels,
  coverage, latency, reliability, error rates, cost
• Security privacy, confidentiality, integrity
• Encryption standards, keys, anti-tamper
• Capacity
• Bandwidth Number of channels, spacing, isolation
• Diversity Channel frequency separation
  Polarisation Directionality
• Error detection and correction, overhead for
  network management
• Shielding, location of antennae on vehicle
• Signal to noiseinterference ratio
• Interference sources, rejection, electromagnetic
  compatibility EMC
• Active antennae eg beam and null-steering,

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System Architecture for ITS in Japan- Subsystem
Interconnect Diagram (http//www.iijnet.or.jp/vert
is/)
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Wireless communications linkages

• Fixed infrastructure ? driver/operator
• Fixed infrastructure ? vehicle control system
• Mobile node ? vehicle control system, vehicle
  router (ad-hoc networks)
• Networks ? fixed, mobile (vehicle, operator,
  other), other networks

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Wireless ICT is already pervasive

• Range and capacity of services is still
  increasing
• Coverage of cellular voice and data services is
  also increasing
• Transport and Logistics is exploiting ICT
  capabilities rapidly, but in a non-optimum
  manner
• Integration is piecemeal and ad-hoc
• The range of applications is not yet mature

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Human in the loop

• Recognise stimulus
• Respond to stimulus
• React to implications of stimulus
• Resume previous activity

Operator behaviour model
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Identify Actors

• Actor classes
• Vehicle(s) (prime) movers, trailers, containers
• Payload(s) goods, passengers, crew
• Operators
• Third parties
• Technologies for identification
• Biometrics
• Ticket / card
• Phone / PDA

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Location of Actors - issues

• Accuracy of location measurement/estimate
• Ambiguity of location
• Motion current, intended
• Timeliness / latency of location report

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Fleet efficiency issues

• Factors for efficiency of fleet operation
• Load factor eg back-loading
• Optimised track
• Minimised stops, delays
• Track and trace

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Track and trace

• Tracking
• In (near) real time
• Communications network access is needed
• Presentation critical for effective use
• Tracing
• Post facto
• Archival
• Evidentiary

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Fleet for all heretical concept?

• All motorised vehicles in one or more fleets (3rd
  party eg auto clubs)
• Vehicle identity, location, operator, itinerary,
  payload, hazards, other state
• Heretical concept perhaps?
• Advantages
• Safety
• security
• efficiency
• Disadvantages
• Privacy
• Cost
• liabilities

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Time Utility of Travel

• Benefit / time expended
• Benefit function of(
• (distance load),
• time saved,
• added utility (eg reading, TV, email, www)
• Example concrete-mixer trucks use transit time
  to mix load

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Passenger travel benefits

• Ratio (number of pax / cost of operation
• Self-drive ? Taxi / chauffeur ? High occupancy
  vehicle HOV
• Bus / tram /transitway ? Train / ferry ? Plane
• Cost of operation f(operator crew,
  consumables, liabilities
• Opportunity cost of journey and waiting time
  door-to-door D2D

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Tradeoff for personal travel with ICT services
Opportunity cost of travel without ICT
Opportunity cost of travel with ICT
TRAVEL COST ?
Travel fare cost
TRAVEL TIME DOOR-TO-DOOR D2D ?
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Transport safety security

• Safety in transport is enhanced by ICT in many
  ways
• Security in transport is affected by ICT in many
  ways good and bad
• Physical assets
• People crew, passengers, travellers, third
  parties
• Information needs privacy, access, accuracy

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Case study 1 Universal distress call

• Technology exists now so why cant we
• Provide individual distress calls for Australia
• real-time, two-way
• 100 coverage
• Affordable
• Infrastructure needs
• Jurisdictions staffing liabilities

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Case study 2 Parking assistance

• P-signs
• number of vacancies
• reservations
• payment by phone / DSRC / contact less
  smartcard
• Car sharing?

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Traveller / operator information service

• Objectives traveller, operator
• Sources of data NTIS
• Data fusion algorithms, technologies
• Dissemination
• Push, pull, publish/subscribe
• Visual, audio, system, haptic

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Risk management for transport

• What (risk item RI) could go wrong?
• If the RI does go wrong, what will be the cost C
  to rectify?
• What is the probability P that the RI will occur
  (go wrong)?
• What can be done to reduce the aggregate value V
  of all risk items (V f(C,P))?

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Summary benefits, costs and risks

• Costs VKT load/vehicle non-variable costs ?
• Cost / pax-km OR Cost / tonne-km
• Emissions cost f(VKT)
• Benefits
• Travel-time D2D ? time-utility of travel
• Safety, security, comfort, use of travel time
• Risks

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CONCLUSIONS

• ITS was perceived as applicable for achieving
  benefits in
• safety, security and general efficiency
• When the capabilities of ICT are applied more
  fully then it may be that ITS is most beneficial
  when applied to
• 1. Environmental monitoring for sustainability
• 2. Efficient usage of energy sources for
  transport
• Further disruptive changes in technology are
  possible with effects on transport that are
  difficult to predict

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Questionsanddiscussion

• DISplay Pty Ltd