Elements and the Periodic Table

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• Elements and the Periodic Table

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Classifying Matter

• Classification is arranging items into groups or
  categories according to some criteria.
• The act of classifying creates a pattern that
  helps you recognize and understand things such as
  the behavior of fish, chemicals, or any matter in
  your surroundings.

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Classifying Matter

• Matter is usually defined as anything that has
  mass and occupies space.
• Matter is made up of particles. These particles
  are atoms or atoms bonded together as compounds.
• Atoms are the smallest pieces of matter and are
  made up of elements.

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States of Matter

• Matter occurs in states or phases
• Bose-Einstein Condensate
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma
• Amorphous Solid
• Liquid Crystal

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States of Matter
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Bose-Einstein Condensate

• An low-energy state of matter that occurs very
  near absolute zero (0 Kelvins).
• It was predicted to exist in 1924 by Albert
  Einstein and Satyendra Nath Bose and proven to
  exist in 1995 at the University of Colorado at
  Boulder.

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SOLIDS

• Particles in solids are close together,
  vibrating in fixed positions.
• A solid has a definite shape.
• A solid has a definite volume.

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Solid Water

• Most liquids shrinkor contractwhen they reach
  the freezing point and expand when heated.
• Water does not follow this pattern.
• Water in the liquid state has particles that are
  close together.
• A container of water will expand as it freezes
  due to the shape water particles take
  (hexagonal) when changing into the solid state.
• This crystal shape takes up more room than
  liquid water particlesand there is empty space
  in the middle of the crystal shape.

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LIQUIDS

• Particles in liquids have more energy than in a
  solid.
• Particles are close together, flowing around
  each other.
• A liquid takes the shape of its container.
• A liquid has a definite volume.
• A substance that is somewhere between a solid
  and a liquid is a suspension. Check out this
  weird colloid suspension https//www.youtube.com
  /watch?vf2XQ97XHjVw

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• Particles in gases have more energy than a
  liquid and are not close together, but they can
  collide.
• A gas will fill a container. The larger the
  container, the more gas expands to fill it.
• A gas has no definite shape or volume because of
  this.

GASES
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Amorphous Solids

• Not all solids have a definite temperature at
  which they change from solid to liquid.
• Amorphous solids soften and gradually turn into
  a liquid over a temperature range without an
  EXACT melting point.
• Amorphous liquids do not have an orderly
  arrangement of particles.
• Glass and plastics fall into this group.

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Liquid Crystals

• Liquid crystals start tot flow during the
  melting phase similar to a liquid, but they do
  not lose their orderly arrangement of particles.
• Liquid crystals will retain their geometric
  order in specific directions.
• They are highly responsive to temperature
  changes and electric fields.
• Used to make LCD displays for watches, clocks,
  and calculators.

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PLASMA

• As a gas is heated, electrons begin to leave the
  atoms, resulting in the presence of free
  electrons. This is the plasma state of matter.
• At very high temperatures, such as those present
  in stars, it is assumed that essentially all
  electrons are "free," and that a very high-energy
  plasma is nothing but bare nuclei swimming in a
  sea of electrons.
• Plasma is believed to be the most common state
  of matter in the universe.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vW0Jylw3couI
  -plasma cutter
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vlRU43nbVaz8--stars
  compared to planets

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More About PLASMA

• Particles in plasma have the greatest energy of
  all the classic states of matter.
• Plasma occurs when the temperature is between
  1000 degrees C and 1,000,000,000 degrees C.
• Some examples of plasma are the charged air
  around lightning and stars, including our own
  sun.

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The greater the thermal energy of the object,
the faster the particles move. That means the
kinetic energy increases!
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From Solid to Liquid

• The melting point of a substance is the point at
  which the particles have gained enough energy so
  as to fall out of order and begin to flow around
  one another.
• The melting point of water at sea level is 32 F
  (0 C).
• The melting point of aluminum at sea level is
  1220.58 F (660.32 C).

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From Liquid to Solid

• The freezing point of a substance is the point at
  which the particles have lost enough energy so as
  to fall into order and stop the flow of particles
  around one another.
• The freezing point and melting point of a
  particular substance is the same.
• It depends on whether energy is being added or
  taken away.
• The freezing point of water at sea level is 32 F
  (0 C).
• The freezing point of aluminum at sea level is
  1220.58 F (660.32 C).

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From Liquid to Gas

• When particles have gained enough energy so that
  they move away from each other with empty space
  between, they have reached the point of
  vaporization.
• Substances that vaporize throughout are said to
  have reached the boiling point.
• Substances that vaporize on the surface are said
  to have evaporated.
• The boiling point of water at sea level is 212 F
  (100 C).
• The boiling point of aluminum is 4566 F (2519
  C) at sea level.

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Phase Changes

• When matter goes through a phase change, it will
  remain at the same temperature during the phase
  change until all matter reaches the same state.
• This is because the energy is going to changing
  the matter rather than to increase or decrease in
  temperature.

http//www.splung.com/content/sid/6/page/latenthea
t
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MIXTURES AND PURE SUBSTANCES

• A mixture is matter with unlike parts and a
  composition that varies from sample to sample.
  (Ex. Halloween candy, salt and pepper)
• A heterogeneous mixture is matter with physically
  distinct parts with different properties. (Ex.
  vegetable soup, nuts and bolts)
• A homogeneous mixture is matter that is the same
  throughout the sample. (Ex. Kool-Aid, salt
  water, bronze, air)
• Pure substances are matter with a fixed
  composition. (Ex. water alone, salt alone, iron
  alone, carbon dioxide alone)

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Pure Substances

• A compound is a pure substance that can be broken
  down by a chemical change into simpler
  substances.
• Water, H20, is a pure substance that can be
  broken down into 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen
  atom.
• An element is a pure substance which cannot be
  broken down into anything simpler by either
  physical or chemical means.
• Hydrogenor any other element on the periodic
  table is an element that, under normal
  circumstances, cannot be broken down further
  without being changed into energy.
• Hindenburg Disaster (1937) http//www.youtube.co
  m/watch?vJSuR2IgnimA
• Blimp filled with hydrogen
• 35 of 97 On board died
• Hydrogen Bomb http//www.youtube.com/watch?vNNcQ
  X033V_M

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Ways Stuff Can Change

• A physical change is a change that does not alter
  the identity of the matter.
• Ice melting is a physical change. It is still
  water, no matter what state of matter it is in.
• Tearing paper is physical. It is still paper.
• A chemical change is a change that does alter the
  identity of the matter.
• Breaking apart H20 is a chemical change. It is
  no longer water when the molecule is broken
  apart. It becomes two gaseshydrogen and oxygen.
• http//www.periodictable.com/Stories/001.1/
• Burning sugarC6H1206breaks it down into carbon,
  water, and carbon dioxide, which is NOT the same.

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• A graphic organizer for matter

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A
B

• Sugar (A) is a pure substance that can be easily
  broken into simpler substances by heating. (B)
  One of the simpler substances is the black
  element carbon, which cannot be further
  decomposed by chemical or physical means.

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ANSWER THIS!

• Water is a
• heterogeneous mixture
• homogeneous mixture
• pure substance
• Compound
• pure substance and compound

Answer E