KINGDOM PROTISTA

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KINGDOM PROTISTA

• Plant-like- Algae
• Animal-like- Protozoa
• Fungi-like- Slime Molds

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PHYLUM CHOROPHYTA(GREEN ALGAE)
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GREEN ALGAE

• CHLAMYDOMONAS
• Movement- two flagella (swimming type motion)
• Pyrenoid- synthesizes starch
• Red eyespot
• Chloroplasts
• Sexual and asexual reproduction
• Cell wall

• SPIROGYRA
• End-to-end chains of cells or filaments
• Attach to rocks and other objects
• Ponds and streams
• Ribbonlike appearance
• Sexual reproduction-conjugation
• Chloroplasts

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CONTINUED GREEN ALGAE

• ULVA (sea lettuce)
• Chlorophyll a and b
• Stores reserve food as starch
• Thallus- body of two cells thick
• Alternation of generation- next generation
  identical copies

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VOLVOX

• Well-known colonial green algae
• Hollow sphere with thousands of cells with watery
  interior
• Cells cooperate with flagella beating in a
  coordinative fashion
• Asexual reproduction
• Daughter colony resides within the parent colony
  for a time

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PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA(RED ALGAE)
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RED ALGAE

• GRACILARIA AND GELIDIUM
• Ocean habitat
• Simple filaments to complex branches with
  feathery, flat ribbon-like appearance
• Commercially- agar, vitamins, drugs, dental
  impressions, cosmetics
• Red in color
• Agar for growing bacteria cultures
• Gelatin for jams and jellies

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PHYLUM PHAEOPHYTA(BROWN ALGAE)
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BROWN ALGAE

• LAMINARIA (KELP)
• Largest sea weed in ocean
• Holdfasts- holds kelp to ocean floor
• Bladder- allows blades to float to ocean surface
• Chlorophylls a and c
• Commercially- human food, fertilizers, ice cream,
  sherbet, cream cheese

• Other types
• Macrocystis
• Fucus

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PHYLUM CHRYSOPHYTA

• DIATOMS
• Some golden-brown algae and some yellow-green
  algae
• Freshwater and marine environments
• Resemble hat box (two part shell- top and a
  bottom)
• Asexual and sexual reproduction
• Cell wall of silica (commonly used to make glass)
• Diatomaceous earth- remains of diatoms on the
  ocean floor
• Commercially- filters, polishes, toothpaste,
  soundproof materials

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PHYLUM PYRROPHYTA(DINOFLAGELLATES)

• Chlorophylls a and c
• Yellow-green and some brown
• Locomotion- Two flagella
• Bioluminescence (produces light)
• Food for small animals in ocean
• Some lack chloroplasts and are heterotrophic
• Overpopulation can cause Red Tide (gives the
  appearance of the water appearing red) which can
  cause massive fish kills
• Humans who consume shellfish that have fed during
  Red Tide can get ill from toxic poisons

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PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYTA(EUGLENA)

• Some autotrophs and some heterotrophs (no
  chloroplasts)
• Locomotion- flagella
• Eyespot to sense light
• Ponds and ditches
• Some photosynthetic
• Contractile vacuoles
• Nucleus

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PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGOPHORA(ZOOFLAGELLATES)

• Heterotrophic protozoans
• Some parasitic- Trypanosoma transmit African
  Sleeping Sickness as the tsetse fly becomes the
  carrier
• Disease causes infection of WBCs and inadequate
  supply of oxygen to the brain

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PHYLUM CILIOPHORA(CILIATES)
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PARAMECIUM

• Phylum Ciliophora
• Locomotion- cilia
• Free living/ no diseases
• Found in ditches and ponds
• Trichocysts- oval capsule under the pellicle
• Food and contractile vacuoles
• Oral groove and gullet
• Binary fission/conjugation
• Macro- and micronuclei

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STENTOR

• PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
• Vase-shaped
• Expands to consume paramecium
• Cilia lines the top

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PHYLUM RHIZODOPA(AMOEBA)

• Locomotion- pseudopod
• Phagocytosis
• Most common- amoeba proteus
• Food and contractile vacuole
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm in plasma membrane
• Entamoeba histolytica- lives in human intestines
  and causes amoebic dysentery (can be fatal)

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PHYLUM ACTINOPODA(FORAMINIFERAS)

• Made of calcium carbonate
• Multi-chambered
• Locomotion-Pseudopod
• Dead foraminiferas collect on the bottom of the
  ocean floor and are indicators of oil deposits
• Millions of years ago they collected and formed
  the White Cliffs of Dover in England
• Some found in pyramids the size of silver dollars
• Some also found in Mississippi

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PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA(SPOROZOANS)
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PLASMODIUM

• Immovable except by host
• Causes malaria
• Life cycle alternates sexual and asexual phases
• Anopheles mosquitoes are the carriers
• Release toxic substances into the blood that
  invade the red blood cells
• Replicate in red blood cells and burst open
• Symptoms fever, chills

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Pneumocystic carinii

• Type of pneumonia seen in AIDS patients
• Cysts form in lining of air sacs
• Cysts containing spores divide until bursts open
  and spores released

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SLIME MOLDS

• PHYLUM MYXOMYCOTA
• Sporangium- reproductive structure that produces
  spores
• Feed on phagocytic decaying plants in forest
  areas or agricultural fields
• Spores can survive dry areas until moisture is
  sufficient for them to germinate
• Reproduces with spores

• PHYLUM ACRASIOMYCOTA
• Common in soil where they feed on bacteria and
  yeasts
• Pseudoplasmodium
• Reproduces with spores