Infinitives

1
Infinitives

• Theyre not just used as bases anymore!

2
Objectives

• I can
• Form and translate the five infinitives
• Recognize and translate the uses of the
  infinitive subjective, historical, objective,
  complementary, and indirect statement
• Determine which types of verbs require infinitive
  structures
• Use the correct tense of infinitive to show
  relationship in time to main verb of indirect
  statement

3
Objectives

• I can
• Translate a present infinitive to show concurrent
  action with the main verb
• Translate a perfect infinitive to show action
  occurring before the main verb
• Translate a future infinitive to show occurring
  after the main verb

4
Cultural Objectives

• I can
• Describe the effect of the Punic Wars on the
  development of Rome
• Identify the major personalities of the late
  Republic and describe their contributions to the
  end of the Republic
• Explain the reasons behind the assassination of
  Julius Caesar and the consequences of the action
• Describe the civil war between Octavian and
  Antony and how Octavian rose to power

5

• I can
• Describe the principate of Augustus and his
  political propaganda
• Explain the fatal flaw set by Augustus not having
  an heir and the effect this had on the rest of
  Roman history

6
Forming Infinitives

• Present active, present passive, perfect
  passive, perfect actice, future active

7
Present Active Infinitives

• Second principal part of the verb
• Amo, amare, amavi, amatus
• Usually ends with re
• Translation
• To verb
• i.e. amare to love
• Most commonly used as a complementary infinitive
  which completes an incomplete verb like possum,
  debeo, or volo
• Debemus amare nostras vicinas. We ought to love
  our neighbors.

8
Possible confusion with re

• ere can be substituted for erunt in the
  perfect active tense
• amaverunt amavere
• If the ere is attached to the third principal
  part of a verb, it is not an infinitive.
• Remember that many third principal parts end with
  u or v or s or x this will help you
  recognize this alternate form.

9
Present Passive Infinitives

• Present passive infinitives are made from the
  present active infinitive (2nd principal part)
• For most verbs, remove the final e and replace it
  with an i
• Amare becomes amari
• Videre becomes videri
• Scire becomes sciri

10
3rd conjugation present passive infinitives

• For third conjugation (ere) and 3rd IO, (io,ere)
  remove the ere and add i
• Emere becomes emi
• Accipere becomes accipi

11
Perfect active Infinitives

• Start with the third principal part
• Remove the i
• Add isse
• amavisse
• Translation to have ________
• most commonly used in indirect statements
• Scivit se interfecisse suum amicum
• He knew that he had killed his friend

12
Perfect Passive Infinitives

• Begin with the 4th principal part
• Remove the us or um whichever is there.
• You will have to adjust this part to agree with
  whoever is receiving the action most commonly it
  will be accusative because of the indirect
  statement
• UM/OS MASCULINE
• AM/AS FEMININIE
• UM/A NEUTER
• Add esse as a separate part
• amatam esse to have been loved
• Most commonly used in indirect statement
• Scivit suum amicum interfectum esse a se.
• He knew that his friend had been killed by him.

13
Future Active Infinitive

• Begin with the fourth principal part.
• Remove the us and addur you will have to
  adjust this part to agree with whoever is doing
  the action. It will usually be accusative
  because of the indirect statement.
• UM/OS MASCULINE
• AM/AS FEMININE
• UM/A NEUTER
• Add esse as a separate part.
• amaturam esse to be about to love
• Translation to be about to_________

14
Formation Practice

• Choose five infinitives from your vocabulary list
  and form the five infinitives with translation.
  You must choose at least one 2nd conjugation
  (ere) and at least one 3rd conjugation (ere)
  verb.

15
Uses of the Infinitive

• Historical, subjective, objective, complementary,
  and the indirect statement

16
Historical infinitives

• usually used for a series of actions
• translated as an imperfect tense verb to show a
  continuous series
• Example
• Caesar circumvenire Gallos, obstare copias, et
  non sinere ullum exitus e castris.
• Caesar was encircling the Gauls, blocking
  supplies, and not allowing any exit from the camp.

17
Subjective Infinitives

• functions as the subject of the sentence
• grammatically treated as a neuter singular noun
• in English can be translated as a gerund or an
  infinitive
• Example
• Regere aeque est difficillima res.
• To rule fairly is a most difficult thing.

18
Objective Infinitives

• functions like a direct object
• most commonly used with iubeo, iubere, iussi,
  iussus (to order)
• treated like a neuter noun
• example
• Marius iubet milites oppugnare Sullam
• Marius orders the soldiers to attack Sulla.

19
Complementary Infinitives

• complete the meaning of an incomplete verb
• most commonly used with a form of possum,
  debeo, paro, coepit, volo, nolo, cupio, incipio,
  necesse est, prohibeo and many other verbs that
  leave the reader hanging as to what is happening
• Example
• Caesar poterat vincire Galliam.
• Caesar was able to conquer Gaul.

20
The Indirect Statement

• used to report a statement
• follows a verb of mental action such as saying,
  thinking, understanding, knowing, perceiving, et
  al.
• subject of the indirect statement will used the
  accusative
• verb of the indirect statement will be an
  infinitive
• example
• Scio Caesarem mortuus esse.
• I know that Caesar is dead.

21
The Infinitive of the Indirect Statement

• The choice of the tense of the infinitive is
  relative to the main verb
• same time present
• before perfect
• after future
• The first part of the perfect passive and future
  active infinitive will be in the accusative and
  will agree with the accusative subject.

22
Examples

• scio Caesarem pugnare in Gallia.
• I know that Caesar is fighting in Gaul.
• same time
• Scio Caesarem pugnavisse in Gallia.
• .I know that Caesar was fighting in Gaul.
• before
• Scio Caesarem pungaturum esse in Gallia
• I know that Caesar will fight in Gaul.
• after

23
Indirect Statement issues

• The subject cannot be left understood the
  accusative noun must be there.
• If the subject of the indirect statement is the
  same as the main clause, you will use the
  reflexive pronoun.
• example
• Caesar scivit se debere non ferre Cleopatram
  Romam.
• Caesar knew that he ought not to bring Cleopatra
  to Rome
• debere is the indirect statemnent ferre in
  complmentary, se is the subject accusative
  reflexive.

24
Infinitives Issue 2

• A LATIN infinitive cannot ever be used to show
  purpose. To show purpose, you must use a
  subjunctive or a gerund/gerundive.
• Example
• Caesar went to Gaul to make his reputation
• Caesar ivit ad Galliam facere famam. WRONG
• Caesar ivit ad Galliam ut faceret famam. right

25
Activity

• Based on your notes about the Late Republic and
  your vocabulary list, write ten English sentences
  that would be translated using infinitives. You
  must have at least one example of each type.

26
Make the infinitive chart for regno, regnare,
regnavi, regnatum rule
27
Make the infinitive chart for duco, ducere, duxi,
ductus
28
Application Using the chart you made, write the
correct form of the infinitive for each sentence.

• 1. Tiberius Gracchus thought the senators had
  ruled long enough.
• 2. Gaius Gracchus believed that the senators
  were not ruling fairly.
• 3. Marius thought that he would rule well.
• 4. Sulla thought that he would rule better.
• 5. The Romans learned that Marius and Sulla were
  leading the country to civil war.

29

• 6. Caesars soldiers knew that he led from the
  front.
• 7. Caesars men felt that Caesar was leading
  them to victory.
• 8. Pompeys men felt that he had led them well.
• 9. Pompey knew that Caesar was leading his
  soldiers in Gaul very well.
• 10. Pompey suspected that Caesar would lead his
  troops against him.

30
Translate the subject accusatives for the
previous sentences.

• 1. 8.
• 2. 9.
• 3. 10.
• 4.
• 5.
• 6.
• 7.

31
Ancient Rome

• How a small group of very well-organized people
  ran the Western World for over 700 years and
  influenced even America

32
Unit Objectives

• Establish the chronology of Ancient Rome
• Analyze the geographical extent and impact of the
  Romans
• Trace the rise of Rome from city to superpower
  and the cause and effect of the Punic Wars

33

• Examine the causes and individuals involved in
  the fall of the Republic and compare to USA
• Identify the characteristics of Imperial Rome
  from the rise of Augustus through the fall

34

• Analyze the role of entertainment in Roman
  culture
• Trace the development of Christianity, its impact
  on Rome, and Romes impact of Christianity

35
Chronology of Ancient Rome

• Three time periods
• 753-509 BCE The Monarchy
• Rome was ruled by 7 kings beginning with Romulus
  and ending with Tarquinius Superbus
• 509 BCE- 31 BCE The Republic
• Rome was ruled by the Senate who was elected by
  the people
• 31 BCE AD 476 The Empire
• Rome was ruled by emperors

36
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37
The Punic Wars Didos Curse

• How Rome went from a small city on seven hills to
  the Mediterranean superpower

38
War is the crucible of mankind.

• War is always bad but can bring about good
  things.
• forces change and speeds up development because
  of the life or death struggle
• forces people to find their leadership abilities
• development of weapons often leads to technology
  then used for peacetime

39
WAR

• speeds up development of medical care for
  treatment of wounds and infectious diseases
• forges close friendships between soldiers and
  those not fighting because of shared struggles
  and the intensity of the experience
• exposes people to new ideas from other cultures

40
The Downside of war

• widespread death and destruction
• extreme violence and hatred
• torture and inhumane acts
• some soldiers permanently psychologically
  damaged all soldiers are changed by combat

41
Roman Army

• Rome became the ruler of the Mediterranean World
  because their army was so much better than
  everybody else.
• better weapons, training, organization,
  technology
• to be successful in politics, you had to have
  military experience
• Roman army spread Roman culture and language
• The Punic Wars developed the Roman army into the
  impressive fighting force it would become.

42
The First Punic War 264-241

• Roman ingenuity and tenacity triumphs over
  Carthage

43
First Punic War

• Carthage and Rome both want to control trade in
  the Mediterranean
• conflict starts over who will control island of
  Sicily
• Carthage naval power, Rome land power
• Rome had no real navy and losing on the sea

44
First Punic War

• Carthaginian boat washed up on Roman shore
• Romans took it apart, used it as a model to build
  their own ships
• quickly built huge fleet
• Romans as land army trained for hand to hand
  combat
• invented the Crow little drawbridge with spike
  on the end shaped like a crows beak
• holds the ships together
• Rome defeats Carthage, takes over Sicily, and
  makes Carthage pay reparations ( huge fine to pay
  for war)

45
Second Punic War 218-201 BC

• A tale of two boys and some elephants

46
Second Punic War

• After defeat in first war, Carthage still
  powerful and now hated Rome
• Hannibal, son of a Carthaginian general, made to
  swear as a little boy that he would always hate
  the Romans
• constantly reminded by his father
• Family moved to New Carthage, a colony on Spain
  where his father died
• at age 26 Hannibal became general

47
Second Punic War

• Treaty from first war breaks down when Hannibal
  invades towns in Spain
• Hannibal leads marches toward Rome with 100,000
  men and 36 elephants
• Why bring elephants?
• marches over the Alps which no one expected
• Why?

48
Second Punic War

• The Bad Battles
• Trasimene Hannibal trapped Romans between lake
  and hill in the fog Romans lost over 20,000 men
• Cannae 40,000 Romans killed in one day
• Romans just kept building another army
• Fabius the Delayer avoided battle with Hannibal
• fought by constantly harassing Hannibals troops
  from sides and rear
• Romans embarrassed but needed to train new armies

49
Second Punic War

• Hannibal cant get Romans to come out and fight
  another big battle
• Why?
• stays in Italy nearly 20 years
• Romans are afraid of him
• Hannibal at the Gates becomes statement meaning
  that disaster is coming
• Roman mothers would threaten their children with
  Hannibal will get you

50
Second Punic War

• Earlier in the war in Spain, a young man named
  Scipio had rescued his own father in battle
• Scipio only 18, could easily have been killed
• Fought with Roman army against Hannibal from very
  beginning
• watched Hannibal and analyzed his techniques
• eventually he becomes Roman general

51
Second Punic War Africa

• Scipio convinces senate to allow him to take a
  Roman army to Carthage in Africa
• knows Carthage will recall Hannibal from Italy to
  protect the city
• knows how Hannibal will fight and is not afraid
  of elephants
• Why would elephants be both good and bad?
• Scipio and Hannibal fight at Battle of Zama
• Scipio won, called Scipio Africanus afterwards

52
Third Punic War 149-146 BC

• A Grumpy Old Man just cant be satisfied

53
Third Punic War

• Carthage severely crippled by second war
• By treaty, not supposed to build another army
• Cato the Elder a Roman senator hates Carthage
• had fought against Hannibal
• thought Scipio Africanus had let Hannibal off to
  easily
• ultra-conservative thought everything too soft

54
Third Punic War

• Cato ended every speech, regardless of what it
  was about, with the statement Karthago delenda
  est ( Karthage must be destroyed)
• eventually Rome went back to war
• claimed Carthage was rebuilding an army
• burned city
• threw salt into ground as sign of destruction
• Carthage will later be rebuilt by Julius Caesar
  because its location too good to waste

55
Assessment

• 1. Who is the general who nearly destroyed the
  Romans?
• 2. What did the Romans learn from the First
  Punic War?
• 3. Which was the worst battle for the Romans?
  the best?
• 4. Who ended every speech with Carthage must be
  destroyed and led the Romans into a third war
  with Carthage?
• 5. What general defeated the Carthaginians using
  their own battle tactics?

56

• 1. Quis est dux qui paene Romam vastavit?
• 2. Qui docti sunt Romani a Carthaginis militibus
  in primo bello contra Carthaginem?
• 3. Quod proelium erat pessimum Romanis?
  Optimum?
• 4. Qui confecit omnem orationem dicens Karthago
  delenda est?
• 5. Qui dux vicit Carthaginem modis doctis de
  Carthaginis duce?

57
The Aftermath of the Punic Wars

• Bona et Mala Romanis

58
Aftermath of Punic Wars

• well-trained army
• went on to conquer Greece, parts of Africa, parts
  of Asia
• No real competition
• increased trade, wealth
• Displaced farmers had lost farms while away
  fighting
• farms bought cheap by wealthy landowners

59
Aftermath of the Punic Wars

• Displaced farmers become urban poor
• social unrest
• Patricians had used war to grab land and become
  more powerful against plebians
• The Gracchi
• two brothers Tiberius and Gaius
• mother daughter of Scipio Africanus
• Tiberius elected as tribune to protect the
  plebians

60

• Tiberius developed plan to take public land owned
  by Rome but used by wealthy senators at little or
  no cost and give to the soldiers who had lost
  their land to predatory buyers during the war
• Is this fair? What are the problems with this?
• Compare this the BLM in our country?
• Senate furious, attack Tiberius in the senate
  with their chairs and beat him to death

61
Gaius Gracchus The Little Brother

• Several years later, the problem of the urban
  poor has increased
• now wandering gangs of ex-soldiers prowling the
  streets robbing and beating
• Gaius gets elected tribune
• tries to pass the same laws Tiberius did
• Senate causes a riot in which Gaius Gracchus is
  killed

62

• Rome now has a permanent class of poor people
  living in the city who will be a drain on the
  economy and a source of political instability
• eventually will become the first welfare state
  because they have to provide free food for these
  people

63
Fall of the Roman Republic

• What went wrong and why? Can we avoid the same
  issues?

64
Review of the Roman Republic System

• Why did the Romans move from monarchy to
  republic?
• What are the patricians and plebians?
• What is a republic?
• How did they separate the powers of government?
  Why?
• How did the Punic Wars change Rome?
• For only what crime could a Roman citizen be
  executed?(Junnius Brutus executed his own sons.)

65
The Beginning of the End

• Gaius Marius
• Urban poor with nothing to do
• Why did Rome now have the urban poor?
• Marius cancelled the property requirement to be
  in the army
• Serve 25 years and you get free land
• Why would this appeal to the urban poor?
• Army becomes loyal to individual commanders who
  allow them to share the booty (Define booty in
  this context.)

66
Gaius Marius
67
Gaius Marius

• Why is it a problem for the army to be loyal to
  its commander, not the country?
• Why would soldiers feel this way?
• The Marian Spear
• specialized tip that fish-hooks when it hits a
  shield
• Why is this an improvement?
• How would this affect the soldiers and their
  feelings about Marius?

68
Gaius Marius breaks the cursus honorum

• You are supposed to wait 10 years between
  consulships.
• Marius was allowed to hold consecutive
  consulships
• Why is this problem?
• How will this contribute to the fall of the
  republic?
• The Social Wars Italians who were not citizens
  rebelled until they were granted citizenship.
• This conflict is where Marius gained most of his
  power.

69
Lucius Cornelius Sulla

• came from old but bankrupt family
• got his start serving with Marius but later
  turned on Marius because he thought Marius was
  giving too much power to the plebians
• Civil War against Marius
• marched his army on Rome
• first time an elected official had attacked his
  own city

70
Lucius Cornelia Sulla

• Since Marius had established the precedent of
  breaking the cursus honorum, Sulla wanted
  multiple, consecutive consulships.
• Instead became dictator
• Did not follow example of Cinncinnatus the
  Dictator who left his farm, defeated the enemy,
  and retired in three days

71
Sulla

• passed laws to give the patricians more power
• established the precedent of using the army for
  personal power
• established the precedent of using proscription
• proscription is publishing a list of people
  considered enemies of the state and guilty of
  treason
• anyone on the list can be killed by anyone the
  killer would not be punished but rewarded with
  part of dead persons property
• Sulla retired eventually after wrecking havoc on
  the system, became a farmer who grew cabbages,
  and died two years later

72
Lucius Cornelius Sulla the Dictator
73
Julius Caesar 100- 44 B.C.

• Marius and Sulla and their civil wars had
  severely undermined the Republic.
• This is the best documented time period in Roman
  history
• Caesar wrote almost daily commentaries (Ancient
  Tweets)
• letters and speeches of Cicero
• Roman historians wrote much about this period
• Why? ( Think about WWII versus 1950s)

74
Gaius Julius Caesar who destroyed the Republic
from old, rich family who claimed descent from
Venus
75
Gaius Julius Caesar

• his father died when he was a teenager nephew to
  Gaius Marius
• Sulla tried to make him divorce his first wife
  but he refused and left Italy
• always very ambitious his role model was
  Alexander the Great
• Completed the cursus honorum

76
Julius Caesar

• Master at manipulation
• gave great funeral games for his aunt to win
  popularity with the common people
• said that the best source of information about
  enemies was their wives and daughters
• could convince people to do what he wanted
  without them seeming to know they were being
  manipulated
• military genius beloved by his troops

77
The First Triumvirate

• Rome in general mess with massive corruption
• leads to formation of informal rule by a three
  man alliance called a triumvirate
• Pompey the Great military experience
• Crassus money
• Caesar popular support
• To cement alliance, Pompey married
• Caesars daughter, Julia

78
Caesars Career in Gaul

• After consulship, became governor of Gaul
• needed money and military experience
• conquered Gaul (France and surrounding area)
  which almost doubled the size of the empire, even
  invaded Britain
• sold conquered people into slavery
• built loyal army
• led by example
• shared with soldiers knew the name of every
  centurion
• spent 10 years with his army

79
Caesar as a Threat

• Triple threat
• Money from Gaul
• Political support in Rome from plebians
  especially
• loyal army who would follow him to and back
• wants another consulship
• Crassus now dead tried to invade Parthia head
  became a toy for king
• Julia died in childbirth Caesar blamed Pompey so
  no longer have personal connection
• Senate demands he disband his army before he can
  run for office

80
Civil War ...again

• Pompey and Senate insecure about Caesars growing
  power, especially his army
• Caesar crosses the Rubicon and invades Italy
• Pompey and the Senate flee to Greece so that
  Pompey can gather his troops which are mostly in
  the Eastern provinces
• forgot to take the treasury from Rome so Caesar
  gets all the money

81
Civil War Caesar versus Pompey and the Senate

• Big battle at Pharsalus
• Caesar outnumbered
• Pompey had senators bothering him already had
  camp prepared for victory celebrations
• Caesar told troops to go for faces of patricians
• Caesar won Pompey ran to Egypt to King Ptolemy
  who owed him favors
• Caesar pardoned everyone who fought against him
  to avoid the problems that had followed
  Marius/Sulla war

82
Civil War and its aftermath

• Ptolemy just a kid his advisors convince him to
  kill Pompey
• Gives Caesar a present Pompeys head and
  signet ring
• Caesar very angry but decided to stay in Egypt to
  help settle dispute between Ptolemy and his
  sister/wife Cleopatra VII
• Why would Caesar be angry?

83
Cleopatra VII actually a blue-eyed, blonde Greek
not Egyptian very smart but ruthless knew how to
make the best out of what she had
84
Only image of Cleopatra to survive except coins
85
Caesar in Egypt

• Cleopatra sneaks into palace rolled up in a rug
• Caesar impressed by her intelligence and
  willingness to learn
• spends too much time in Egypt playing with
  Cleopatra
• she gives birth to son Caesarion but Caesar smart
  enough not to recognize him legally
• leads war to get Cleopatra the throne
• Ptolemy killed
• Library of Alexandria burned
• Caesar returns to Rome but makes plan to have
  Cleopatra join him

86
Caesar the Dictator

• Veni, vidi, vici
• changed calendar to Julian calendar
• cancelled debts
• Cleopatra and her son come to Rome and live
  nearby
• big insult to his wife Calpurnia
• big insult to people of Rome
• Why?
• appoints new senators to fill out ranks from war
• Senate very resentful

87
The Conspiracy

• Caesar planning a war against Parthia
• Being dictator not so much fun sick with
  epilepsy getting worse
• Senate plans to kill him
• conspiracy led by Cassius and Brutus
• both had been pardoned by Caesar
• Brutus owed his career to Caesar but had issues
  with him because of his mother
• Brutus key figure because his ancestor had
  overthrown last king

88
The Murder of Caesar

• Caesar was warned by a soothsayer to Beware the
  Ides of March
• Went to senate meeting anyway
• held in Theater of Pompey because senate house
  had been burned
• separated him from Marc Antony his lieutenant
• surrounded by senators pretending to ask him
  questions
• stabbed 25-30 times
• Brutus the last assassin Et tu, mi fili

89
After the Murder

• Conspirators rush out into Forum with bloody
  knives yelling Sic semper tyrannis
• John Wilkes Boothe will say the same thing when
  he kills Lincoln
• Not very well-planned had no plan of what to do
  next
• attacked by plebians who loved Caesar
• burned the houses of conspirators who had to flee
  Rome
• created a power vacuum that will led to the third
  civil war and one man rule

90
What can we learn from this?

• loyalty of army to country not individuals
• dont let people be exceptions to the structure
  of the government
• If you remove a ruler, especially by force,
  always have a plan for the new government
• Be careful about pardoning people they dont
  usually forgive you.
• Dont insult the public by having your girlfriend
  live close to your wife.

91
The Rise of Augustus and Transition to Rule by
Emperor

• What happens when people give up their civil
  liberties

92
Legacy of Julius Caesar

• Remember what happened to Julius Caesar
• Everyone, especially Marc Antony, thought Caesar
  would name Marc Antony, his second-in-command, as
  his heir
• Antony had been working with Caesar throughout
  his career
• Antony had military experience and was well liked
  by Caesars troops
• Antony was a drunk.

93
Caesars Will

• Caesar had no legitimate children (remember his
  daughter Julia died in childbirth)
• named his great-nephew Octavius as his heir and
  adopted him as his son in his will
• What did Octavius get?
• huge amount of money
• loyalty of army who adored Caesar and would want
  to support whomever he named as successor
• hatred of Marc Antony and many senators,
  especially Brutus and Cassius

94
Octavius Dilemma

• only 18 years old no government or military
  experience
• damned if he does accept
• Marc Antony and most of the senate will not
  support him
• damned if he doesnt accept
• Marc Antony and most of the senate will have him
  killed to remove him as a threat to their rule
• decides with help of two close friends to go for
  it
• goes to the army and makes a speech about needing
  to punish the assassins of his father Julius
  Caesar
• the army backs him against the senate and Antony

95
Octavius Rise to Power

• Step one was to get recognition for senate
• fights a battle against Marc Antony who was
  fighting the senate surprisingly wins
• orders senate to appoint him consul
• Senate refuses until Octavius brings his very
  loyal army to Rome to convince them
• Step Two was to punish Brutus and Cassius
• forms the Second Triumvirate of Octavius, Marc
  Antony, Lepidus
• Defeats Brutus and Cassius ( both commit suicide)
  at the battle of Phillippi

96
Octavius Continued Rise

• Step Three was to get rid of Antony
• divide the empire into two parts
• Octavius gets the Western part (Europe)
• Antony gets the Eastern part (Asia, Africa,
  Egypt)
• cement the alliance by having Antony marry
  Octavius sister Octavia
• Antony goes to Egypt because its the richest
  part of the East

97
Antony and Egypt

• Antony meets Cleopatra who arrives on a golden
  boat
• Cleopatra is very ambitious all she wants is to
  rule the world
• had tried with Caesar and that didnt work out
• plans to use Antony to get herself into world
  power
• Antony not thinking with the right body parts
• hooks up with Cleopatra divorces Octavia
• Remember Romans already dont like Cleopatra

98
Octavius Continued Rise to Power

• Antonys behavior with Cleopatra perfect excuse
  for conflict with Octavius
• Octavius claims Antony is controlled by Cleopatra
  a foreign queen
• Romans do not trust powerful women
• Antony actually gave Cleopatra (with whom he was
  busily having children) parts of the Roman
  Empire as a present
• How would the Roman react to this?
• Antony and Octavius meet at the Battle of Actium
  to decide who will rule

99
Battle of Actium 31 BC

• Octavius actually doesnt command the troops
• sick never very physically strong
• Marcus Agrippa, his friend since childhood,
  commands troops
• During battle when it looks like Cleopatra and
  Antony are losing, she sails off with all the
  money
• Antony follows her and abandons his troops
• not going after the money, going after his lover
• his troops think hes whipped and join Octavius

100
Final Removal of Antony

• After Actium, Antony joins Cleopatra in
  Alexandria
• they both know they are beaten when Octavius
  arrives
• both commit suicide
• Antony stabs himself (manages to screw that up
  too)
• Cleopatra by legend has herself bitten by a snake
  smuggled into her tomb in a basket of figs
• Probably really used poison since she practiced
  with poisons
• Octavius now sole ruler of Rome

101
Octavius becomes first emperor

• Romans had been through three civil wars less
  than 60 years
• People just wanted someone who could stabilize
  the government
• Octavius very smart
• never had himself named dictator called himself
  princeps which mean first citizen
• held successive consulships but claimed his
  official role only a tribune (which gave him veto
  power)
• real source of power army and money
• Named Augustus by senate

102
Augustus Reign

• Very stable time
• begins the Pax Romana 200 years of relative
  peace
• supports the arts and literature
• pays for the Aeneid which is the most important
  book in Roman literature
• poets Horace and Ovid also wrote during this time
  but Ovid was exiled for writing a seduction
  manual
• started the first fire brigades and police
• pays for lots of building projects
• I found Rome a city of bricks, I leave it a city
  of marble
• ruled until 14 AD

103
Problems with Augustus Reign

• lost over 10,000 soldiers in Battle of Teutoberg
  Forest in Germany when defeated by Arminius whom
  the Romans had trained
• succession issues because only had one child
  Julia
• she had five children including three boys but
  they all died young
• she was super slut who had to be exiled because
  she went against Augustus family values policy
• had to name his stepson Tiberius as his successor
• couldnt stand Tiberius
• Lack of a natural heir will lead to instability
  of succession throughout Roman history
• Beginning of emperor worship which will lead to
  crazy emperors

104
Vocabulary for Late Republic

• Indirect Statements

105
Aestas, aestatis f.

• summer

106
Beneficium, beneficii n.

• Kindness, favor, service

107
Captivus, captivi m.

• prisoner

108
Celeritas, celeritatis f.

• speed

109
Cupiditas, cupiditatis f.

• Desire, longing, passion

110
Dictator, dictatoris m.

• dictator

111
Diligentia, diligentiae f.

• diligence

112
Donum, doni n.

• gift

113
Gens, gentis f.

• Clan, tribe, nation

114
Genus, generis n.

• Birth, descent, origin, class, kind

115
Gloria, gloriae f.

• glory

116
Ignis, ignis m.

• fire

117
ius, iuris n.

• Right, law

118
Modus, modi m.

• Method, manner, way

119
Regnum, regni n.

• kingdom

120
Res, rei f.

• Thing, affair, event

121
Sacrificium, sacrificii n.

• Sacrifice, victim

122
Appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatum

• Name, call

123
Appropinquo, appropinquare, appropinquavi,
appropinquatum

• Approach ( takes dative for direct object)

124
Ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum

• climb

125
Cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum

• Yield, leave

126
Doleo, dolere, dolui

• Suffer pain, grieve

127
Duco, ducere, duxi, ductum

• lead

128
Emo, emere, emi, emptum

• buy

129
Eo, ire, ii/ivi, itum

• go

130
Faveo, favere, favi, fautum

• Support, favor, help (takes dative for direct
  object)

131
Fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluctum

• Flow, drip, pour, spread

132
Iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum

• throw

133
Neglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum

• Neglect, disregard

134
Numero, numerare, numeravi, numeratum

• count

135
Regno,regnare, regnavi, regnatum

• Rule, reign

136
Soleo, solere, solitus

• Be accustomed to

137
Studeo, studere, studui

• Be eager, be enthusiastic, strive for, study

138
Volo, volare, volavi, volatum

• fly

139
Augustus
140
Augustus

• Primus princeps erat Octavius appellatus
  Augustus.
• Iulius Caesar erat frater Octavii aviae.
• Octavius putavit se futurum esse heredem Iulii
  Caesaris quod Caesar nullos liberos habuit post
  mortem Iuliae.
• Saepe dixit amicis se recturum esse Romanum
  Imperium sed nemo credidit adulescenti audaci.

141

• Multi populi cogitaverunt Marcum Antonium,
  Magistrum Equi Iulio Caesari in testamento
  appellaturum esse heredem Caesaris.
• Certe Marcus Antonius putabat se accepturum esse
  a Caesare imperium sed errabat.
• Post Caesar interfectus est a Bruto et Cassio cum
  multis amicis et hostibus, Marcus Antonius Romam
  regnabat
• Senatores qui Caesarem interfecerant, non
  consilia ceperant bona Romano imperio post
  mortem Caesaris.

142

• Senatores non intellexerunt populos Romae amare
  Caesarem.
• Hi cogitaverunt populos futuros esse felices ubi
  senatus Romam rursus regnabat.
• Marcus Antonius cogitavit populum cupiturum esse
  sibi regere.
• Senatus et Marcus Antonius errabant.

143

• Ubi testamentum Caesaris lectum erat in Foro,
  Octavius appellatus est Caesaris heres.
• Antonius erat iratissimus et cupivit delere
  Octavium.
• Senatus erat iratissimus sed non cupivit regi vel
  a Antonio cui nemo credidit vel a Octavio qui
  vixerat vix septemdecim annos.

144

• Octavius novit se esse in magno periculo.
• Senatus cupivit necare eum quod volebat regere et
  Antonius eum necare cupivit quod regere volebat.
  
• Octavius decrevit se iturum esse Romam et
  capturum esse imperium de senatu et Antonio.
• Narravit suis amicis se debere capere illa quae
  suus pater sibi dederat.

145

• Pauci crediderunt Octavium posse fieri Caesaris
  heredem sed hi non intellexerunt hunc
  adulescentem.
• Octavius novit se favorem Caesaris militum debere
  petere.
• Igitur occurrit cum militibus et sua consilia
  explicavit eis.
• Senatus tantum odium contra Antonium habuit ut
  daret Octavio imperium exercituum.

146

• Iusserunt Octavium vincere Antonium.
• Fatue senatus credidit se posse continere
  Octavium quod erat adulescens.
• Rursus errabant senatores.
• Octavius Antonium in proelio vicit sed tum se cum
  Antonio et altero duce nomine Lepido iunxit
  contra senatum.
• Hi duces appellati sunt triumviri.

147

• Iter fecerunt Romam et ceperunt urbem.
• Octavius praesertim Brutum et Cassium volebat
  punire.
• Publice scripserunt nomina hostium et similis
  Sullae hos interficerunt.
• Deinde ducentes suos execitus, Antonius et
  Octavius qui fuerant hostes nunc exercitus Bruti
  et Cassii in proelio prope Philippos
  oppugnaverunt.

148

• In hoc proelio vicerunt illos qui interfecerant
  Caesarem.
• Brutus et Cassius se necaverunt.
• Post proelium, Antonius et Octavius imperium
  Romanum dividere decreverunt.
• Removerunt potestatem Lepidi et Antonius regnabat
  in provinciis orientibus dum Octavius regnabat in
  Roma et provinciis occidentibus.

149

• Stultus Antonius etiam putabat se posse vincere
  Octavium facile consensit se ducere ad
  matrimonium Octavii sororem Octaviam.
• Sed nesciebat Octavium iam consilia capere et mox
  bellum civile reventurum esse Romanis populis.
• Antonius constituit se regnaturum esse suos
  provincias de Aegyptio cum regina Cleopatra.

150

• Octaviam quam multi Romani suspexerunt
  repudiavit in hoc modo offendit multos Romanos.
• Octavius explicavit senatui Antonium et
  Cleopatram consilia cepisse contra Romam.
• Dixit Cleopatram barbaram reginam ducere Antonium
  et debere vastari.
• Explicavit Antonium dedisse magnas partes Romani
  imperii.
• Senatus decrevit gerere bellum contra Antonium et
  Cleopatram .

151

• Iusserunt Octavium ducere Romanum exercitum
  contra Antonium et reginam Cleopatram.
• Prope Actium, Antonius et Octavius bellum
  gerebant ubi subito Cleopatra e proelio
  navigavit.
• Antonius reliquit suos milites quod cupivit ire
  cum uxore sua Cleopatra.
• Milites senserunt Antonium amississe eius
  fortitudinem.

152

• Celeriter Antonii milites se iunxerunt cum
  Octavio et nunc Octavius erat solus imperator
  Romae.
• Antonius et Cleopatra se interfecerunt in
  Aegyptio.
• Octavius sensit Caesarionem, filium Iulii
  Caesaris e Cleopatra futurum esse periculum sibi.

153

• Igitur iussit puerum necari, sed licet Octaviae
  alere Antonii et Cleopatrae alteros liberos.
• Octavius simulavit favere senatui sed iussit se
  appellari consulem et tribunum.
• Milites favebant Octavio et erant genus
  potestatis optimae principi.
• Senatus cupivit appellare eum dictatorem
  perpetuum sed Octavius scivit illum officium
  fuisse causam mortis Caesaris.

154

• Igitur senatus nomen Augustum ei dedit.
• Octavius erat primus princeps Romae.
• Regnabat viginti et septem annos ut princeps
  Romana Res Publica erat mortua.

155
Augustus mutat Romam

• Augustus multa mutavit.
• Coepit legere milites custodi privato sibi.
• Hi milites erant Praetoriani Custodes qui altos
  ordines et salaria magna habuerunt et iverunt
  cum Augusto ubique.
• Auxilio Agrippae et Maecenae Augustus bene
  regnabat et correxit vitam plebiam.

156

• Augustus multa aedificavit. Dixit se invenisse
  Romam factam laterum et mutavit ad urbem factam
  marmoris.
• Dedit favorem poetis et scriptoribus praesertim
  Verilio, Ovidio qui sero misit in exsilium, et
  Horatio et Livio.
• Sed duo discrimina paene vastaverunt Augusti
  regnum.

157

• Primum discrimen erat proelium in Germania ubi
  XV milia militum necata sunt et tria aquilae
  amissae sunt.
• Augustus saepe dixit se cupere suas aquilas hi
  victi milites vexabant principem maxime.
• Secundum discrimen erat inopia liberis.
• Augusti uxor Livia duos filios habuit cum primo
  marito sed nullos liberos cum Augusto.

158

• Similis Iulio Caesari, Augustus solam unam filiam
  Iuliam habuit.
• Amavit suam filiam carissime sed Iulia erat
  scortilla.
• Habuit quinque liberos cum marito Agrippa sed
  tres pueri mortui sunt ante Augustum.
• Ubi Agrippa mortuus est, Augustus coegit Iuliam
  esse uxorem filii vitrici eius Tiberium cui
  habuit multum odium.

159

• Augustus didicit Iuliam habuisse plurimas res
  amoris publice et misit filiam in exsilium.
• Non sivit Iuliae nomen dici in suo domo.
• Deinde coactus est appellare Tiberius ut heredem.
• Augustus est etiam hodie exemplar optimi
  principis.
• Senatus fecit edictum Augustum adoratum esse in
  omnibus provinciis.
• Multi dixit Augustum factum esse deum a Romanis.

160
Augustus Mutat Romam QUiz

• 1. What two things did the Praetoriam Guard
  have?
• 2. What was the purpose of the Praetorian Guard?
• 3. Who helped Augustus rule?
• 4. Who benefitted from his rule?

161

• 5. What change did Augustus say he made to the
  city of Rome?
• 6. Whom did he support?
• 7. What was the first crisis of his reign?
• 8. Why did he say he wanted his eagles?
• 9. What was the second crisis of his reign?

162

• 10. How did he feel about his daughter?
• 11. Why did her children not inherit the throne?
• 12. What did he force Julia to do?
• 13. What did he learn about Julia?
• 14. After her exile, what would he not allow?

163

• 15. Of what is Augustus considered an example?
• 16. What did the senate decree?
• 17. What did many people believe about Augustus?

164
Writing with infinitives

• 1. Caesar wanted to rule Rome.
• 2. It was necessary for him to lead soldiers and
  to have money.
• 3. He knew that Gaul would be his opportunity.
• 4. To rule is life for Caesar.

165
Writing With Infinitives 2

• 1. Octavius knew that Antonius wanted to destroy
  him.
• 2. Antony felt that Cleopatra would always love
  him.
• 3. Octavius understood that the Romans did not
  like Cleopatra.
• 4. Octavius wanted to rule Rome.
• Octavius, Octavii m.
• Antonius, Antonii m.
• Cleopatra, Cleopatrae f.

166
Writing Practice

• Explain who Augustus was, what he wanted to do,
  what he had to do to reach his goal, and where he
  gained power. Please utilize your four sentence
  types discussed earlier.

167
Listening Practice

• 1. rex dux princeps regina
• 2. Iuliam Liviam Livillam Drusillam
• 3. Iulia Livia Agrippina Drusilla
• 4. Agrippam Cleopatram Sullam Marium
• 5. vicit duxit necavit amavit

168
Historical Heroes Julius Caesar

• 1. Prior to beginning his quest, has Julius
  Caesar been given any special talents or help?
• 2. What motivates his quest?
• 3. What skills and resources does he use to
  accomplish his goal?
• 4. How does he obtain the skills and resources
  he needs for success?
• 5. What is his leadership style?
• 6. What dangers does he face?
• 7. What sacrifices does he make?
• 8. How does he utilize his success?
• 9. What could he have done differently?
• 10. What can we learn from his life that is
  applicable to the 21st century?

169
Historical Heroes Augustus

• 1. Prior to beginning his quest, has Augustus
  been given any special talents or help?
• 2. What motivates his quest?
• 3. What skills and resources does he use to
  accomplish his goal?
• 4. How does he obtain the skills and resources
  he needs for success?
• 5. What is his leadership style?
• 6. What dangers does he face?
• 7. What sacrifices does he make?
• 8. How does he utilize his success?
• 9. What could he have done differently?
• 10. What can we learn from the life of Augustus
  that is applicable to the 21st century?

170
Historical Heroes Cleopatra

• 1. Prior to beginning her quest, has Cleopatra
  been given any special talents or help?
• 2. What motivates her quest?
• 3. What skills and resources does she use to
  accomplish her goal?
• 4. How does she obtain the skills and resources
  she needs for success?
• 5. What is her leadership style?
• 6. What dangers does she face?
• 7. What sacrifices does she make?
• 8. How does she utilize her success?
• 9. What could she have done differently?
• 10. What can we learn from the life of Cleopatra
  that is applicable to the 21st century?

171
Historical Heroes Marc Antony

• 1. Prior to beginning his quest, has Antony
  been given any special talents or help?
• 2. What motivates his quest?
• 3. What skills and resources does he use to
  accomplish his goal?
• 4. How does he obtain the skills and resources
  he needs for success?
• 5. What is his leadership style?
• 6. What dangers does he face?
• 7. What sacrifices does he make?
• 8. How does he utilize his success?
• 9. What could he have done differently?
• 10. What can we learn from the life of Antony
  that is applicable to the 21st century?