AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 5

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AP WORLD HISTORYReview Session 5

• 1750 - 1900

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An Era of Incredible Change

• The Industrial Revolution (with increasing
  urbanization as a result)
• The Atlantic Revolutions
• Imperialism
• Capitalism and Socialism
• Latin American Revolutions
• Abolition of Slavery

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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Began in Britain in the late 1700s (18th
  century)
• Spread to the U.S. and Germany and the rest of
  Europe after that
• Began with money from colonies and was brought on
  by the 2nd Agricultural Revolution which
  increased crop yields and allowed more people to
  move to cities to find work in factories
• The Enclosure System also contributed to
  urbanization (small farmers lost land to wealthy
  landowners and moved to cities looking for work)

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INDUSTRIALIZATION BRINGS INNOVATION

• To improve textile manufacturing and shipping,
  key inventions were made in the 1700s and early
  1800s
• The Spinning Jenny
• The Flying Shuttle
• The Cotton Gin
• The Steam Engine

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AND THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BROUGHT

• The telegraph
• The telephone
• The light bulb
• The internal combustion engine
• The radio
• The airplane
• All of these inventions came in the late 19th
  century

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FACTORIES AND ASSEMBLY LINES

• Made manufacturing more efficient and thus
  increased profits
• Created jobs for people but these jobs were often
  very labor intensive and done in poor conditions
• Women and children worked alongside men
• Women had to do double duty as moms and workers
• Children as young as six worked 16 hour days in
  deplorable conditions

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PHILOSOPHICAL RESPONSES TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

• A middle class develops in Europe as a result of
  Industrialization
• People in favor of industrial productivity and
  profits maintained that Laissez Faire Capitalism
  (Adam Smith) was the best way to achieve economic
  stability and growth
• Adam Smith taught that the government should stay
  out of the economy and let it regulate itself
  with the laws of supply and demand
• The Wealth of Nations (1776)
• Some people opposed to exploitation of cheap
  labor believed that Socialism was right
• Karl Marx taught that the proletariat would
  eventually overthrow the bourgeoisie and that
  would lead to Communism once all resources had
  been redistributed equally
• The Communist Manifesto (1848)

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EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Rapid urbanization (factory jobs were in cities)
• Rough living conditions in crowded cities
• Industrialized nations were the strongest and
  took advantage of non-industrialized nations
• Remember the Berlin Conference in Africa and the
  Opium Wars/Spheres of Influence in China???
• Middle class is born and even more specialization
  of labor develops

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GENDER ISSUES

• CHANGES
• Poor women had to work in factories and still
  take care of family needs
• Wealthy women stayed home and had less power
  outside the home in industrial age
• Middle Class women became involved in reform
  movements (abolition, suffrage)
• CONTINUITIES
• Women still had family responsibilities
• Society still very patriarchal

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WOMENS SUFFRAGE

• Women were leaders in the abolition movement to
  end slavery
• Women were leaders in other movements as well
  (temperance, child labor, etc.)
• These leadership roles prepare women to fight for
  their political rights (voting suffrage)
• The right to vote came after long battles in
  Britain and the U.S. (right around World War I)

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SOCIAL DARWINISM

• Many European and American people took Darwins
  theory of evolution and survival of the fittest
  and applied it to humans
• Belief that advances and conquest surely meant
  that the white man was superior to all other
  races, making subjugation and/or extermination of
  inferior races the natural thing to do
• Some used Social Darwinism to inspire missionary
  efforts, educational efforts, etc. while others
  used the theory as justification for everything
  from slavery to genocide (Nazi Germany in WWII)
• During this time period, Europeans and Americans
  colonize and attempt to civilize huge areas of
  Africa, Asia, and Oceania
• The White Mans Burden by Rudyard Kipling

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EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM

• England defeated France to take over land in
  North America and India in the 18th century
• The Raj began as the British East India Company
  took over trading ports (mercantilism)
• Eventually the British government claimed India
  as a colony and ruled it for almost 100 years
• England took raw materials (such as cotton) out
  of India and shipped it to England to manufacture
  textiles and then sold those textiles to the
  world, including to India!
• Profit!
• Indians benefitted little from colonialism, but
  Britain became even more wealthy and powerful as
  a result of their Indian colony
• The Sepoy Rebellion was an attempt at Indian
  nationalism and independence in the mid-1800s
  but it failed to overthrow the Raj however,
  Indian nationalism will only get stronger over
  the next century and paves the way for Mohandas
  K. Gandhi

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MIGRATIONS DURING THIS PERIOD

• Many people moved during this era
• European migration to the Americas
• Chinese and Japanese migration to the U.S. and
  parts of Latin America too
• Slavery ending in the 19th century meant a need
  for workers in Cuba for example (Chinese coolies)
• African migration to Europe (colonialism brain
  drain)
• Indians to Africa and the Americas
• REASON For Work or better living conditions

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THE BEGINNING OF NATIONALISM

• Previous state structures decentralized, feudal
  system monarchies
• From the 1200s forward, central authority
  becomes the norm in Europe with a monarch and the
  nobility in charge (Great Britain and the Magna
  Carta)
• French Revolution in late 18th century fueled
  French nationalism, seen later under Napoleon and
  conquests
• Loyalty to the state, a national consciousness
  emerges
• Nationalism, however, is seen as a threat to
  empires (Ottoman, Russian, Austrian) because
  these were diverse empires with different groups
  within

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You Say You Want a Revolution?

• American Revolution 1776-1783
• French Revolution 1789-1799
• Haitian Revolution 1793-1802
• Latin American Revolutions 1820-1848
• Meiji Restoration in Japan 1867
• Mexican Revolution 1910-1920

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Latin American Revolutions

• Inspired by American, French Revolutions the
  Enlightenment
• Resentment over Spanish colonial policy and
  Peninsulares power led Creoles to lead the
  revolutionary cause
• Mexico Father Hidalgo, Morelos, Iturbide
• S. America Simon Bolivar, Jose de san Martin
• Brazil peaceful break from Portugal
• Haiti slave revolt led by Toussaint Louverture
• Post-independence struggles lack of
  industrialization and wealth inequalities will
  make these nations struggle for stability and
  will cause them to be vulnerable to foreign
  domination of industries (railroads, factories)

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WESTERN HEGEMONY

• The powerful core states of Europe and the U.S.
  will become dominant in Asia, Africa, and Latin
  America in the 18th and 19th centuries
• Spain and Portugal are declining as Britain,
  France, Holland, and the U.S. gain strength
  (Germany will come along and be a real force in
  the late 19th century)
• Imperialism going strong for the core states,
  gaining resources and markets from the periphery
  states they dominate (think Britain/India
  relationship and U.S./Japan)

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IMPERIALISM AND COLONIALISM

• Imperialism powerful nations extend control over
  less-powerful nations
• Colonialism powerful nations conquer and settle
  in less-powerful nations
• Control can be direct (British Raj in India) or
  indirect (American railroads in Argentina)
• Nationalism in Europe and the U.S. helped spur on
  more imperialism (dont want to lose out to
  England if you are France)
• Industrial Revolution increased Imperialism
  (needed raw materials and open markets for your
  own manufactured products)
• Imposition of culture, values, and religious
  systems on the colonized people

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EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM (continued)

• China represented another key market for European
  domination
• After the failed Macartney Mission of 1793,
  Britain shipped tons of opium into China during
  the 1800s and got Qing Dynasty China hooked a
  weakened China was no match for British forces
  and the Treaty of Nanking opened up China to
  trade (spheres of influence) and foreign
  domination
• Open Door Policy (U.S. domination)
• Boxer Rebellion attempted to stop foreign
  domination but it failed, and the Qing Dynasty
  fell in 1911

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JAPAN IN THE 19th CENTURY

• From the 1600s on, Japan had chosen the path of
  isolation, fearing too much western influence
  would damage them
• In 1854, they were surprised by the black ships
  of Admiral Perry as the U.S. demanded trading
  privileges with the Japanese in the Treaty of
  Kanagawa
• Frightened into action, the Japanese got
  organized and changed greatly as a result
• Centralized government (ended Shogunate)
• Actively sought western help in industrialization
  and modernization to become a dominating power
  instead of the one being dominated (like China)
• Built up their military too, fighting successful
  wars against Russia and China
• The Meiji Restorations ended Japanese seclusion
  but saved them from foreign domination in the
  long run

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Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa,
1884-1885

• European powers met to divide up Africa for
  themselves
• If you could control it, you could have it
• Interested in resources and markets for products
• Major players included Britain, France, Belgium,
  Spain, Portugal, and Germany
• Led to colonization of the whole continent and
  control of Africa for the next 80 years
• Slavery, although officially outlawed, was still
  the norm in many colonies (Belgian King Leopolds
  Congo Free State)

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China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire A Case
Study in Responses to Imperialism

• China refused to acknowledge western threats and
  paid dearly for not innovating to meet the
  challenge (Opium Wars, Treaty of Nanking, and
  Spheres of Influence followed by collapse of the
  Qing Dynasty in 1911
• Japan was scared straight in 1854 by Admiral
  Perrys black ships, and the Meiji Restoration
  brought centralized government and
  industrialization to Japan, making it a new world
  power by the 20th century
• The Ottomans waited too long to reform, but did
  try to westernize/modernize with the Tanzimat
  Reforms and the Young Turk Movement in the end
  it was too little too late as they lost World War
  I and saw the empire collapse and get divided up
  among European powers Britain and France

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Egypt, East Africa, and Southern Africa
Responses to Imperialism

• Egypt tried to modernize while still part of the
  Ottoman Empire under leadership of Muhammad Ali,
  but Europeans do not allow Egyptians to gain
  control of their own land and defeat them and
  took the Suez Canal away from Egyptian control
• Ethiopia is a success story of African resistance
  as the leader Menelik II helped fight off Italys
  attempt at colonizing Ethiopia
• Zulus in Southern Africa fight European
  settlement but superior British army and weapons
  defeat the Zulu and later diamond and gold
  discoveries bring even more European settlements
• South Africa created in 1910 (Apartheid
  government)

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COMPARATIVE ESSAY PRACTICE Pre-Writing/Thesis

• Analyze the similarities and differences in the
  industrialization of Western Europe and Eastern
  Asia

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CHANGE/CONTINUITY OVER TIME ESSAY PRACTICE

• Analyze the changes and continuities in the role
  of women in Europe from 1600-1900.

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PARTING WISDOM

• Immerse yourself in World History for the next
  week and a half
• Study group in Coach Biggers room after school
• Study groups this weekend
• Review Sprite Charts while eating meals
• Every Night next week (SUN-WED) look over the
  power point review online and your notes
• Memorize the basic essay pointers for each type
  of essay