ENVI%20121%20Life%20in%20the%20Ocean

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ENVI 121Life in the Ocean

• Dr. Ron Kaufmann
• kaufmann_at_sandiego.edu
• Shiley Center 277 (x5904)
• Office Hrs Tue, Thu 800-1030
• www.sandiego.edu/kaufmann/envi121/envi121.html
• AIM rskusd

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• What is Marine Biology?
• Biology of organisms inhabiting the ocean
• Marine biologists study different things at
  different levels
• Related to oceanography, particularly biological
  oceanography
• Coastal vs. Open Ocean
• Perspective Organismal vs. Environmental
• Studying marine organisms requires understanding
  of physical/chemical environment

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• History
• Early
• Aristotle Described forms, recognized gills
• Explorers (Eriksson, Columbus, Magellan, Drake)
  Learned about winds, currents, physical
  characteristics
• Cook (1768-1779) Took full-time naturalist on
  crew
• Darwin (1831-1836) Sailed on HMS Beagle
• Collected plankton
• Proposed theory of coral atoll formation
• Studied and described barnacles

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• History
• Oceanographic Expeditions
• Began in mid 1800s
• Edward Forbes (BBBB - British)
• Father of Biological Oceanography
• Sampled sea floor life extensively
• First to recognize that different organisms are
  found at different depths
• Before Forbes time, many people regarded the
  deep ocean as azoic
• Early work by Wyville Thomson showed life on deep
  sea floor

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• History
• The Challenger Expedition (1872-1876)
• British scientists convinced government to fund
  oceanographic expedition
• HMS Challenger
• Refitted warship
• Departed England in Dec 1872
• Expedition lasted three and a a half years
• Collected samples and provided unprecedented
  insights into diversity of marine life
• Data took 19 years to publish in 50 large volumes
• First extensive exploration of life in the ocean
• Paved the way for modern marine biology

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Track of HMS Challenger1872 - 1876
Fig. 1.4
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• Marine Labs
• Stazione Zoologica (Naples)
• Founded in 1872 by German scientists
• Marine Biological Lab (Plymouth, England)
• Founded in 1879
• Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole)
• Established in 1888
• Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SD)
• Opened in 1903
• Hopkins Marine Station (CA)
• Friday Harbor Marine Laboratory (WA)

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• Modern Marine Biology
• Involved the development of new technology for
  studying marine life
• SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging)
• Developed during World War II to help engage in
  submarine warfare

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SONAR
Fig. 1.6
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• Modern Marine Biology
• SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging)
• SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing
  Apparatus)
• Invented in late 1940s by Cousteau and Gagnan
• Allows scientists to work underwater for extended
  periods of time

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• Modern Marine Biology
• SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging)
• SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing
  Apparatus)
• Oceanographic Research Vessels
• Ships (Melville, Revelle, Thompson)
• Submersibles (Alvin, Johnson Sea Link)
• ROVs/AUVs (Jason, Tiburon, Ventana)
• Other vessels (FLIP)

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DSV Alvin
R/V Thomas G. Thompson
R/V FLIP
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ROV Jason
Theseus
IFREMER AUV
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• Modern Marine Biology
• SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging)
• SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing
  Apparatus)
• Oceanographic Research Vessels
• Computers
• Processing of large data sets
• Collection of sophisticated information

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Link
Fig. 1.14
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www7320.nrlssc.navy.mil/IASNFS_WWW/IASNFS_ssh.html
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• Modern Marine Biology
• SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging)
• SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing
  Apparatus)
• Oceanographic Research Vessels
• Computers
• Remote Sensing
• Use of satellites to monitor ocean
• Especially useful for studying large scale
  features and processes

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Fig. 1.15