Fingerprinting (Saferstein- Video Jug) (new techniques-CBS)

1
Chapter 6

• Fingerprinting (Saferstein- Video Jug) (new
  techniques-CBS)

2
(No Transcript)
3
History of Fingerprinting

• 1858- William Herschel
• -1st official use of fingerprints
• required natives of India to affix their print
  to contract

4

• 1880- Dr. Henry Faulds
• -1st to publish article suggesting ridge
  patterns could be used for identification

5

• 1882- Gilbert Thompson
• -1st to use fingerprints in the US
• -added his print to US Geological Survey
  document
• 1883- Alphonse Bertillon
• -introduces anthropometry
• -use of body measurements to ID person

6

• (1903- Will West / William West case is noted as
  the demise of the Bertillon Method of
  Identification. Two men, not brothers, had the
  exact same measurements but different
  fingerprints. This incident happened at
  Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas. )

7
(No Transcript)
8
                   Will West's Bertillon
Measurements 178.5 187.0 91.2 19.7 15.8
14.8 6.6 28.2 12.3 9.7
9
                    William West's Bertillon
Measurements 177.5 188.0 91.3 19.8 15.9
14.8 6.5 27.5 12.2 9.6 50.3
10

• 1891- Dr. Juan Vucetich
• -devised classification system still used today
  in Spanish speaking countries
• 1st 10 print card

11

• 1892- Francis Galton
• -published Fingerprints
• -discusses pattern types, uniqueness
  permanence of prints
• -devised 1st classification system

12

• 1897- Edward Richard Henry
• -proposed classification system adopted by most
  English speaking countries

13

• 1902- US 1st used fingerprints for NY Civil
  Service Commission applicants
• -1st time fingerprints used for ID of criminals
  in England

14

• 1904- US penitentiary in Kansas St. Louis
  police dept. establish fingerprint bureaus
• 1924 Identification Division of FBI established
  (national repository and clearinghouse)
• 1933- Latent fingerprint section of FBI
  established

15

• 1973- 1st phase of automated system
• 1999 - IAFIS- Integrated automated fingerprint
  identification system (now used) , also called
  AFIS

16

• Now-
• -over 250 million sets of prints on file on
  cards (enough for 133 stacks the height of Empire
  State building)
• -over 55 million prints in the computerized
  automated system
• -FBI gets 50000 prints/day, 7 days/wk

17
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprinting

• 1. A fingerprint is an individual
  characteristic. No two fingers have yet been
  found to possess identical ridge characteristics

18

• Ridge Characteristics (aka. Minutiae) ridge
  endings, bifurcations, enclosures, crossings,
  islands, and other ridge details, which must
  match in two fingerprints in order for their
  common origin to be established
• Individuality is established by comparing
  identity, number and location of ridge
  characteristics

19

• -there are more than 150 individual ridge
  characteristics on each fingerprint (need 8-16
  points of comparison to establish individuality)

20
(No Transcript)
21
1-island 2-bifurcation 3-dot 4-ending
ridge 5-bifurcation 6-island 78-bifurcation 9-end
ing ridge 10-island
22
(No Transcript)
23

• A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an
  individuals lifetime.
• -cant change a print, scars leave another link
  for comparison
• Ex. Dillinger- Acid soaked- still make out 14
  pts. of comparison (p. 139 )

24
Skin Structure
25
Dermal papillae

• 1-2 mm beneath the skin surface
• Determines the ridge pattern (developed as
  fetus-unchanged through life)- start developing
  2-3 months as fetus- fully developed by 6 months

26
Latent Prints

• Made by deposit of oils and/or perspiration from
  sweat glands on surface (invisible to naked eye)

27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29

• 3. Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that
  permit them to be systematically classified

30
Loops

• 60-65
• Ridge lines that enter from one side of the
  pattern and curve around exit same side, one
  delta
• Ulnar loop- opens toward little finger
• Radial loop- opens toward thumb

31
(No Transcript)
32
Whorls

• 30-35
• Ridge lines are rounded or circular in shape,
  have 2 deltas
• Types plain, central pocket loop, double loop,
  accidental

33
                                                           
Plain Central Pocket Double Loop Accidental

34
Arches

• 5
• Ridge lines that enter the print from one side
  and flow out the other side, no deltas
• Types- plain or tented

35
Tented arch
Plain arch
36
Classification of FingerprintsHenry Primary
(FBI) Classification

• Converts ridge patterns into a series of numbers
  arranged in a form of a fraction
• Look for the presence of a whorl, if a finger is
  a whorl substitute the numbers for the terms of
  the fingers in the formula

37

• Henry Formula
• 16 8 4 2 1
• RI RR LT LM LL 1
• RT RM RL LI LR 1
• 16 8 4 2 1

38

• Ex. Whorl on Right Ring, right thumb
• 080001
• 1600001
• 9/17

39

• What is a 17/9?
• Whorls on Right index, right middle

40

• What is a 21/5?
• Whorls on right index, left thumb and right little

41

• Mythbusters Fingerprint
• Fingerprint Analysis
• Cartridge Cases

42
Automated Fingerprint Identification System

• AFIS
• Uses automatic scanning devices that convert the
  image of the fingerprint into digital minutiae
  that contains data showing ridges branches
• Can search set of 10 prints against 500,000
  10-print cards in 8/10 sec.
• Video

43
Methods of Detecting Fingerprints

• Types of Crime Scene Fingerprints
• Visible- made when a finger deposits a visible
  material such as dirt, blood
• Plastic fingerprint impressed on a soft surface
  (wax, gum)
• Latent transfer of body perspiration or oils
• (visualizing latent prints depends on the surface
  they are found on)

44

• Methods of Detecting Latent Prints
• Powders (hard. Non absorbent surface)
• Chemicals
• Iodine (porous)
• Ninhydrin (reacts w amino acids)-porous
• Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)- sweat/salts-porous
• Cyanoacrylate ester (super glue)- non- porous

45

• Laser
• (Once visualized prints are photographed or
  bagged if small or lifted if immovable)