Determining Trends In Agriculture

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• Determining Trends In Agriculture

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Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards
Addressed!

• RST.9-10.7 Translate quantitative or technical
  information expressed in words in a text into
  visual form (e.g., a table or chart) and
  translate information expressed visually or
  mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words.
  (HS-PS1-1)
• WHST.9-12.7 Conduct short as well as more
  sustained research projects to answer a question
  (including a self-generated question) or solve a
  problem narrow or broaden the inquiry when
  appropriate synthesize multiple sources on the
  subject, demonstrating understanding of the
  subject under investigation. (HS-PS1-3)

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Bell Work!

• Identify trends in animal agriculture
• Identify trends in plant agriculture
• Explain historical events leading to the
  development of todays ag industry

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Terms

• Aquaculture
• Artificial Insemination
• Bovine Somatotropin
• Cloning

• Embryo Splitting
• Embryo Transfer
• Estrous
• Estrous Cycle
• GATT
• GMO

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Terms

• Genetic Engineering
• GPS
• Hatch Act
• Homestead Act
• Implants

• Internet
• Morrill Act
• Natural Selection
• No-tillage
• NAFTA

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Terms

• Porcine Somatotropin
• Site Specific Farming
• Smith-Hughes Act

• Superovulation
• Tissue Culture
• Transgenetic Animals
• USDA
• VRT

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Objective One

• Identify Trends In Animal Agriculture

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Animal Improvement and Breeding

• Prior to the 1960s improvement was limited to
  natural selection
• Natural Selection is a process where animals with
  superior genetic quality are used for breeding
• Animals with less desirable traits are
  eliminated from the population

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Animal Improvement and Breeding

• Widespread use of Artificial Insemination began
  in the 1960s
• Artificial Insemination involves uniting the male
  sperm cells and the female ova using methods
  other than natural mating
• AI greatly increases the use of genetically
  superior males

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Cattle Swine
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Animal Improvement and Breeding

• The development of superovulation and embryo
  transfer has greatly increased the number of
  offspring a genetically superior female can
  produce in her lifetime

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Cattle ovary that has received super ovulation
ingections!
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Superovulation

• Superovulation involves using certain hormones to
  stimulate the female ovary to increase the number
  eggs released during a normal estrous cycle
• Estrous is another term for heat and is the
  time that a female will mate
• Estrous cycle is the number of days from one heat
  period to the next

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Embryo Transfer

• Following superovulation, the eggs are
  fertilized, and then flushed (removed) from the
  uterus of the superior female
• Each fertile ova is then placed into the uterus
  of a recipient female who serves as a surrogate
  mother. This process is called embryo transfer

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One Cow and her off spring!The result of embryo
transfer to donor cows.
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Animal Improvement and Breeding

• A similar development is embryo splitting
• Embryo splitting involves removing a fertile ova
  from a genetically superior female, cutting it
  in half, and placing each half into the uterus of
  recipient females

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Embryo splitting!
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Improving Animal Production

• Biotechnological discoveries in recent years have
  helped to improve animal production and
  efficiency
• Using results from biological scientific
  investigation and research and putting it to
  practical use in agriculture is called
  biotechnology

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Improving Animal Production

• Bovine somatotropin, or bST, is a hormone which
  will increase milk production when given to cows
• The hormone was found to occur naturally in cows
  and is found in all milk

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Improving Animal Production

• Porcine somatotropin, or pST, is a hormone that
  regulates growth rates in pigs and will increase
  the production of muscle cells and feed
  efficiency if given to hogs

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Improving Animal Production

• Implants are small pellets that can be placed
  under the skin of animals. The pellets contain
  hormones or other growth regulators which will
  release slowly to improve the animals production
  and efficiency

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Cattle Implants!
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Genetic Improvement

• During the 1980s, scientists discovered the
  process of changing the genetic information of
  DNA and were able to move genes from one cell to
  another. This process is often referred to as
  genetic engineering

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Genetic Improvement

• A transgenetic animal is one that has had its
  genes altered or manipulated
• Genetic improvements can also improve the
  productive ability and efficiency of livestock

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Other Animal Industry Trends

• Aquaculture is a rapidly growing enterprise in
  the ag industry and has provided a niche market
  for some producers
• Aquaculture is the production of fish and other
  aquatic plants and animals

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Tilapia and catfish are the most common varieties
of tank raised fish.
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Objective Two

• Identify Trends In Plant Agriculture

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Improving Plant Production

• Since the 1920s, ag scientists have discovered
  that many fertilizers, pesticides, machines, and
  other technologies have improved plant production
  and efficiency when put to use

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Improving Plant Production

• Tractors replaced the use of horses and led to
  what has been termed the second agricultural
  revolution
• Tractors outnumbered horses and mules on farms
  for the first time in 1954

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Improving Conservation

• Conventional tillage operations, which used
  moldboard plowing, gave way to conservation
  tillage practices like minimum tillage (no
  moldboard plow and fewer seedbed tillage
  practices) and no-tillage, where only planting,
  spraying, and harvesting is done

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No tillage farming examples!
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Improving Conservation

• More and more producers began using Low Input
  Sustainable Agriculture (LISA) techniques.
• LISA involves using less chemicals and commercial
  fertilizers while maintaining production
  efficiency and profit

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Genetic Improvement

• Genetic engineering has created plants which are
  resistant to specific herbicides, insects, and
  diseases
• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) like BT
  corn and Roundup Ready Soybeans are widely used

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Genetic Improvement

• Some plants have been developed which are more
  resistant to frost damage
• Other plants have been improved genetically to
  give them a longer storage or shelf life
• In NM much plant research centers around drought
  tolerant plant species development. New varieties
  of alfalfa for example use less water than plants
  grown a decade ago.

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Genetic Improvement

• Cloning techniques have been improved. Cloning
  is an asexual reproduction method where no union
  of male and female sex cells occurs
• Methods of tissue culture, which is propagating
  plants from a single cell or group of cells, have
  been perfected

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Information Super Highway

• The 1990s brought the information age to
  agriculture
• Global Positioning Systems (GPS) use satellites
  to find exact field locations for grid mapping,
  soil sampling, and monitoring harvest yield
  results

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Information Super Highway

• Site specific farming involves applying
  different cultural practices to meet the needs of
  different field locations
• VRT (variable rate technology), for
  example,involves applying different fertilizer or
  pesticide rates to different field locations
  based upon site needs

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Information Super Highway

• The widespread use of computers and computer
  technology has created many improvements in
  production
• The internet links communications for
  agribusinessmen and producers across the nation
  and around the world

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Objective Three

• Explain Historical Events Leading to the
  Development of Todays Ag Industry

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Historical Developments

• Historical events help us understand our present
  and predict or future
• At the time of the Declaration of Independence,
  nearly 90 of the people were farming
• George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were very
  progressive farmers

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Historical Developments

• In the 1800s, our nations ag policy began to
  take shape as Congress established ag programs
  and passed new ag laws
• 1825--Congress established a special committee
  for agriculture

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Historical Developments

• 1852--The U.S. Patent Office began agricultural
  research
• 1862--The USDA (United States Department of
  Agriculture) was established. It was elevated to
  a cabinet level position in 1889

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Historical Developments

• The Homestead Act made 160 acres of public land
  available to every American over age 21
• The Morrill Act established land grant colleges
  for agricultural study and research in every
  state. The University of Illinois is our land
  grant college

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Historical Developments

• 1887--The Hatch Act provided funding for
  agricultural research and experiment stations
• 1914--The Smith-Lever Act established what is now
  known as the Cooperative Extension Service

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Historical Developments

• 1917--The Smith-Hughes Act provided federal
  funding for high school agriculture education
  programs
• The American Farm Bureau formed to educate its
  farmer members and to encourage commercial and
  political activities on behalf of agriculture

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Early Agriculture Education Program!
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Historical Developments

• 1947--General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
  (GATT) was passed to liberalize, yet protect and
  insure, free international trade and payments.
  In 1994, Congress readopted the GATT agreement.

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Historical Developments

• The North American Free Trade Agreement between
  the U.S., Mexico, and Canada was enacted. NAFTA
  eliminated tariffs and other restrictive trade
  barriers between the three countries and improved
  market access for agricultural products

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Historical Developments

• Can you think of other historical events which
  have had a significant impact on American
  agriculture as we know it today?

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The End!

• Dolly the sheep was the first cloned
• Animal!