Medical%20Interventions%20Unit%203%20Review

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Medical InterventionsUnit 3 Review
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Lesson 3.1 Detecting Cancer Activity 3.1.1 Who is
Affected by Cancer? Activity 3.1.2 Diagnostic
Imaging Career Activity Activity 3.1.3 When Cells
Lose Control Activity 3.1.4 DNA Microarray
Activity 3.1.5 Unlocking the Secrets in Our
Genes (math activity) Lesson 3.2 Reducing Cancer
Risk Activity 3.2.1 Am I at Risk? Activity 3.2.2
Skin Cancer Prevention Activity 3.2.3 Breast
Cancer Screening and Prevention Activity 3.2.4
Virology Career Activity Activity 3.2.5 Routine
Screenings Lesson 3.3 Treating Cancer Activity
3.3.1 Diary of a Cancer Patient Project 3.3.2
Biofeedback Therapy Project 3.3.3 Design of a
Prosthetic Arm Project 3.3.4 Occupational and
Physical Therapy Careers
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Lesson 3.1 Detecting Cancer Activity 3.1.1 Who is
Affected by Cancer? Activity 3.1.2 Diagnostic
Imaging Career Activity Activity 3.1.3 When Cells
Lose Control Activity 3.1.4 DNA Microarray
Activity 3.1.5 Unlocking the Secrets in Our Genes
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What fundamental characteristics do all cancers
have in common?

• Genetic component
• Environmental component Smoking, radiation,
  diet/health
• If caught early and removed before it spreads the
  cancer may not cause problems
• If it spreads/metastasizes there could be
  potential problems
• Incidence of cancer increases with age
• Cancer can affect any organ or tissue in the body

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What fundamental characteristics do all cancers
have in common?

• Proto-oncogenes Normally control cell division
  by telling the cell to divide. Cancer can be
  caused by these genes being turned on too much
• Mutation can cause them to be oncogenes, which
  lead to uncontrolled division
• Translocation of a promoter can cause the
  oncogenes to be turned on more than they are
  supposed to be
• A mutation can cause multiple proto-oncogenes,
  which will cause it to be overexpressed and
  uncontrolled cell division

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What fundamental characteristics do all cancers
have in common?

• Tumor-Suppressor Genes Normally control cell
  division by telling the cell to stop dividing.
  Cancer can be caused by these genes being turned
  off
• Example is the p53 gene
• Triggers apoptosis (programmed cell death) if
  there is a mutation
• Activates DNA repair enzymes to repair any
  mutations
• Halts the cell cycle so no copies of the cell are
  made with the mutation
• Mutations in these genes can lead to cancer

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What fundamental characteristics do all cancers
have in common?

• Cancer cells can proliferate indefinitely in
  culture.
• Cancer cells do not exhibit contact inhibition.
  Once cancer cells cover the surface of the dish,
  the cells will continue dividing and pile up on
  top of each other.
• Cancer cells undergo morphological changes and
  will exhibit various shapes.
• Cancer cells can grow under less stringent
  conditions, and can usually grow on simple
  culture medium.
• Cancer cells often have an abnormal number of
  chromosomes and the chromosomes often have an
  abnormal structure.

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In what ways are diagnostic imaging technologies
used to diagnose and treat disorders?

• X-Ray uses radiation to view broken bones
  bones, lung diseases, and digestive system
• CT scan uses multiple X-rays in a tube to
  produce cross-sectional views of bone and soft
  tissue, like organs.
• MRI uses magnets to produce detailed
  cross-sectional views of soft body tissue to
  identify diseases.
• Bone Scan Add radioactive tracers that are
  soaked up by the bone to produce full skeletal
  view to identify abnormal bone growth

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What do DNA microarrays measure?

• DNA microarrays measure the number and amount of
  genes turned on and off in cancer cells vs.
  normal cells
• We can do this by collecting mRNA from the cells,
  which will only be made if the genes are turned
  on
• We can also determine if there is a correlation
  between genes interacting with each other

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How is DNA microarray technology used to
determine the differences in gene expression
between different tissue samples?

• Red The genes are only on in cancer cells
• Yellow The genes are on in cancer and normal
  cells
• Black The genes are not on in either cells
• Green The genes are only on in normal cells

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How is DNA microarray technology used to
determine the differences in gene expression
between different tissue samples?

• Microarrays can also tell us the relative
  intensity of the gene expression because there
  will be varying shades of the colors.
• The bright red would be a high expression of the
  gene in cancer cells, where as the dark red would
  be a low expression.
• The same would be true for the yellow and the
  green

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How is DNA microarray technology used to
determine the differences in gene expression
between different tissue samples?

• We can superimpose the colors from the cancer
  gene and the normal gene over each other to get
  one single color.
• We assign this color a number (ratio)
• A number over 1 the gene is expressed more in
  cancer cells
• A number under 1 the gene is less expressed in
  cancer cells
• A number equal to 1 the gene is expressed the
  same in both cells
• 0 means the gene is not expressed in either cell

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How are the similarities of gene expression
patterns between different individuals
calculated?

• Using statistical analyses we look at gene
  expression of several genes in several patients
  that have the same disease.
• We use correlation coefficients to determine if
  there is a pattern between what genes are turned
  on and what genes are turned off
• If there is a positive correlation then both of
  the genes are behaving in the same way
• If there is a negative correlation then the genes
  are behaving in opposite ways (one is on and the
  other is off)
• Correlation of 1 means that gene expression is
  identical
• Correlation of 0 means there is no correlation
• A number further from 0 and closer to 1 means
  that there is a stronger correlation

REVIEW ACTIVITY 3.1.5 (MATH ACTIVITY)
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Lesson 3.2 Reducing Cancer Risk Activity 3.2.1 Am
I at Risk? Activity 3.2.2 Skin Cancer
Prevention Activity 3.2.3 Breast Cancer Screening
and Prevention Activity 3.2.4 Virology Career
Activity Activity 3.2.5 Routine Screenings
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In what ways do different risk factors increase
the chance that a person will develop cancer? How
can lifestyle changes reduce the risk for
developing cancer?

• Biological
• Age the risk for all cancers increase
• Infections Some viral and bacterial infections
  can cause an increase risk of cancer
• Reduce these risks by being screened often and
  getting vaccinations
• Genetic
• Sometimes a gene can be inherited from parents
  that increases the risk of cancer, because you
  already one step (mutation) towards cancer.
• Hereditary cancer and familial cancer would be
  genetic. Sporadic cancer (most cancers) are not
  genetic.

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In what ways do different risk factors increase
the chance that a person will develop cancer? How
can lifestyle changes reduce the risk for
developing cancer?

• Environmental
• Pollution Smoke and chemicals, like asbestos,
  can damage DNA
• UV Radiation - More on this later
• Radiation Excessive radiation from sources,
  like Xrays
• Behavioral
• Red meat and other foods have been shown to
  increase risks of cancer (other foods, like
  antioxidants have been shown to lower cancer)
• Smoking increases risk of lung cancer (same with
  smokeless tobacco and mouth cancer)
• Not taking preventative measures, like staying
  out of the sun

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Skin Cancer

• Types
• Basal/Squamous most common and least dangerous
  form that can be found anywhere on the body
• Melonoma most common on face, chest, and legs,
  and are more likely to metastize
• ABCDE
• Asymmetry
• Border irregularity
• Color changes
• Diameter greater than 1/4 inch
• Evolving

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Skin Cancer
Diameter (1/4 in)
Border irregular
Color changes
Asymmetric
Evolving
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Skin Cancer

• Treatment
• pyrimidine antagonists
• (5-Fluorouracil or 5-FU) inhibit the enzyme that
  makes pyrimidines (thymine, uracil, cytosine),
  which stops production of DNA and RNA.
• While this works in some patients it has a
  variety of side effects including burning and sun
  sensitivity

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How can molecular tests be used to detect
inherited genetic mutations associated with
certain cancers?

• Genetic Marker Analysis Easier and cheaper
  genetic analysis than DNA Sequencing.
• Markers are located directly in front of the gene
  in question (therefore, often passed on with the
  gene)
• Markers are Short Tandem Repeats (non-coding DNA
  that are repetitive sequences of DNA)
• STRs are highly variable by length (sequence can
  repeat any number of times making them different
  lengths)
• Easy to identify STRs using gel electrophoresis
  because they are simply different lengths

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How can molecular tests be used to detect
inherited genetic mutations associated with
certain cancers?

• Genetic markers used in conjunction with
  pedigrees
• Identify people with gene for cancer
• Conduct a marker analysis on family members and
  unknown family member using gel electrophoresis
• Identify STR sizes using standard curve
• Compare STRs and identify alleles possessed by
  each family member
• Analyze allele to see if there is a correlation
  between alleles and family members with cancer

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Breast Cancer

• Genetic Component
• BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 are tumor suppressor genes
• Mutations in these may lead to tumors
• 5-10 of breast cancers are related to these
  genes
• BRCA 2 genes are linked to male breast cancer
• Preventative measures
• Prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer
  risk by 90
• Get it test positive for BRCA 1 or 2 genes,
  calcium deposits, radiation therapy, or previous
  breast cancer
• Hormonal therapy medicines or removal of the
  ovaries in order to reduce estrogen
• Nutrition
• Physical Activity

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How can viruses lead to cancer?

• Viruses can cause cancer by injecting DNA into
  cells and thereby causing a mutation
• HPV linked strongly to cervical cancer,
  vaccines may help, but will not guard against
  every strain
• EBV may lead to lymphomas
• Hepatitis B Vaccine
• Hepatitis C No vaccine both may lead to liver
  cancer

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Human Papilloma Viruses (HPVs)

• HPV is a sexually transmitted infection
• HPV causes abnormal cells to start growing and
  eventually can turn into cancer cells
• HPV is the main cause of cervical cancer
• HPS is linked to mouth and throat cancer
• There is a vaccine available that protects
  against 4 types of the HPV virus.

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Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

• EBV is a type of herpes virus known for causing
  infectious mononucleosis (commonly known as
  mono)
• EBV infects and stays in B lymphocytes
• EBV infection increases a persons risk of
  developing nasopharyngeal cancer and Burkitt
  lymphoma
• EBV is also linked to Hodgkin diseases and
  stomach cancer
• No vaccine or medications are available

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Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus
(HCV)

• Both viruses are known to cause liver infection
• The long-term infection caused by these viruses
  increases a persons chance of developing liver
  cancer
• There is a vaccine available to prevent HBV
  infection
• There are a few medications available that are
  effective in treating HBV and HCV infections

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What is the importance of routine cancer
screenings?

• You should get routine screenings for
• Prostate
• Colon
• Cervical
• Breast
• Skin, Testicular, and lung
• Early detection of cancers is crucial to stop the
  metastases process before the cancer spreads and
  cause problems elsewhere.
• It is easier to treat and cure cancer when caught
  early

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Lesson 3.3 Treating Cancer Activity 3.3.1 Diary
of a Cancer Patient Project 3.3.2 Biofeedback
Therapy Project 3.3.3 Design of a Prosthetic
Arm Project 3.3.4 Occupational and Physical
Therapy Careers
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What can a cancer patient receiving chemotherapy
and/or radiation therapy expect during treatment?

• Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill, prevent
  the spreading, slow growth, and treat symptoms of
  cancer.
• The side effects are different for everyone, but
  typical side effects are hair loss, anemia and
  symptoms that occur with anemia, increased
  infections, bleeding, and bruising, and nausea
• Most of these symptoms are due to the fact that
  chemo affects fast growing cells, like blood
  forming cells in the bone marrow. Therefore, not
  as much blood is being formed.

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What can a cancer patient receiving chemotherapy
and/or radiation therapy expect during treatment?

• Radiation is more of local treatment that focuses
  radiation onto cancer cells to destroy DNA,
  causing cells to stop dividing.
• Radiation can be given externally or internally
  through an implant
• Most side effects are localized skin and hair
  changes along with fatigue
• This may lead to anger, depression, and
  helplessness

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How is biofeedback therapy used to help patients
improve their health or manage pain?

• Biofeedback changes the mental state of the
  patient, which allows them to calm down.
• The patient learns to use their mind to control
  involuntary actions of the body, like heart rate,
  muscle tension, and respiration rate.
• They can overcome pain by relaxing specific
  muscle groups to relieve certain chronic pain and
  migraines
• This can also help lower blood pressure, anxiety
  attacks, asthma attacks, or urination problems

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In what ways do artificial limbs allow patients
who suffered the loss of a limb regain lost
function?

• Other limbs can offer simple movements, like
  hooks or pinchers to allow the person to pick
  objects up
• Prosthetics can be hooked to other functional
  parts of the body that are used to move the
  prosthetic.
• A patient can use switches and toggles to control
  the prosthetic
• Myoelectrics can you muscle impulses to control
  the movement of the prosthetic.

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How do advances in technology allow for the
development of artificial limbs that look and
move like actual human limbs?

• Special dyes can be used to make the prosthetic
  the same color, with freckles, fingerprints and a
  life like appearance
• Myoelectrics can use muscle contractions and EMG
  signals to control the prosthetic
• Current research is ongoing into the use of brain
  signals connected to the motor cortex to move
  robotic arms, which could be the new wave of
  prosthetics.

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How do physical and occupational therapists help
patients with disabilities or patients recovering
from surgery or injury?

• PT focus on range of motion, movement, and
  ability to regain proper movement
• OT work with patients to practice normal, routine
  practices that they have to do everyday, like
  driving, cooking, and using the restroom
• They design appropriate exercises for the
  patients to practice the intended movement
• They use electric shock, stretching, and massage
  therapy to relax and test muscles
• They assign appropriate tools and rehab equipment
  for the patients to use and guide the patient in
  proper use

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