The Civil War

1
The Civil War

• 1861-1865

A Ride for Liberty-The Fugitive Slaves by
Eastman Johnson
2
The Election of 1860

• Charleston Democratic Convention
• 2/3rds rule and southern opposition to Stephen A.
  Douglas keep Democrats from selecting nominee
• Democrats split at Baltimore Convention
• Southern Rights Democratic Party nominates John
  C. Breckinridge
• Regular Democrats go with Douglas
• Constitutional Union Party
• John Bell

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1858 Debates House Divided Speech

• A house divided against itself cannot stand. I
  believe this government cannot endure,
  permanently, half slave and half free. I do not
  expect the Union to be dissolved I do not
  expect the house to fall but I do expect it
  will cease to be divided. It will become all one
  thing or all the other. Either the opponents of
  slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and
  place it where the public mind shall rest in the
  belief that it is in the course of ultimate
  extinction or its advocates will push it
  forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all
  the States, old as well as new North as well as
  South.

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The Republicans Nominate Lincoln

• Republicans needed 2 out of Pennsylvania,
  Illinois, and Indiana
• William H. Seward
• Higher law speech (1850)
• Irrepressible Conflict (1858)
• Abraham Lincoln

• Republican platform
• Exclusion of slavery from territories
• Higher tariffs
• Homestead Act
• Federal aid for internal improvements

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Southern Fears

• Black Republicanism
• Implications for the South if Lincoln wins
• Results
• Lincoln received less than 40 of popular vote
• Won electoral college by substantial margin

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Election of 1860
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The War Begins

• Lincoln inaugurated in March 1861 as the first
  Republican president
• Assured southerners that he would not interfere
  in slavery.
• Warned that no state had the right to break up
  the Union.

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Compromise Proposals

• John J. Crittenden
• Crittenden Compromise
• Lincoln opposed
• peace convention hope for the 8 remaining
  slave states to reject secession
• None of the secessionist states would consider a
  compromise

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Fort Sumter

• Located in the harbor of Charleston, it was cut
  off from supplies by the South.
• Lincoln announced he would send supplies.
• South fired upon the fort on April 12, 1861 and
  it surrendered to the South after 2 days.

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Fort Sumter Today
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Use of Executive Power

• Extended use of executive powers and powers as
  commander in chief without approval from
  Congress.
• Called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the
  insurrection in the South.
• Authorized spending for the war.
• Suspended the privilege of the writ of habeas
  corpus.

13
Secession of the Upper South

• Before Fort Sumter, only 7 states had seceded.
• VA, NC, TN, and AR only seceded after it became
  clear Lincoln would use force.
• Capital Richmond

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The Border States

• Delaware firmly union
• Northern occupation of Maryland
• Missouri
• bushwhackers vs. jayhawkers
• Unionists win elections in Kentucky and Maryland

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Secession Map
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Keeping the Border States in the Union

• DE, MD, MO, and KY remained in the Union because
  of Union sentiment and the use of troops in these
  areas.
• Guerrilla forces were active throughout the war.
• Their loss would have increased the Confederacys
  population by 50 percent and hurt the Norths
  military position.

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The Creation of West Virginia

• Fifth Union border state
• Delegates from western part of Virginia had voted
  against secession
• Wanted to break away from state of Virginia
• West Virginia became a new state and entered the
  Union, 1863

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The Confederate States of America

• modeled after the U.S. Constitution
• Non-successive 6 year term for the presidency
• presidential item veto
• Jefferson Davis attempted to increase
  presidential powers, but failed.
• States rights turned into a problem for the
  South.

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Mobilizing for War

• citizen soldiers
• Four-fifths of soldiers on both sides were
  volunteers, despite both sides passing
  conscription acts
• Not professionally trained soldiers
• Egalitarian attitudes
• Lacking in discipline

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The Balance Sheet of War

• Enlistment of Black soldiers
• Union allowed it
• Confederacy did not, until the end of the war
• Advantages
• North much greater population
• Northern economic superiority
• Southern military prowess
• Neither side anticipated length or intensity of
  the Civil War

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Strategy and Morale

• Union faced vast geographic territory of the
  South to invade and conquer
• Confederacy required withstanding and outlasting
  Northern efforts
• Confederacy had superior morale

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Weapons and Tactics

• Rifles
• minié ball
• Rapid load and fire
• Greater accuracy

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Weapons used
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Logistics

• Civil War considered 1st modern logistical war
• Railroads, steam-powered ships, telegraph
• Vulnerable communications and supply lines
• Inland dependence on animal-powered transport
• Horses, mules
• Confederacy improvised well, but had too little
  to work with
• As war progressed, northern economy grew
  stronger, southern economy grew weaker

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Financing the War

• Confederacy
• Treasury notes and inflation
• Union
• Most funds raised by bonds
• Legal Tender Act (1862) and greenbacks
• National Banking Act of 1863

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First Battle of Bull Run (July 1861)

• 30,000 federal troops marched from D.C. to
  Manassas Junction, VA
• Confederates under Stonewall Jackson counter
  attacked and forced the Union to retreat
• The battle ended the illusion of a short war and
  promoted the myth that the Confederates were
  invincible.
• George B. McClellan too cautious

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Union Strategy General Winfield Scott

• Use the U.S. navy to blockade all southern ports
  (Anaconda Plan)
• Divide the Confederacy in two by controlling the
  Mississippi River.
• Raise and train 500,000 soldiers to take Richmond.

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Peninsula Campaign

• McClellan, the new commander of the Union in the
  East, insisted on a long period of training.
• Invaded VA in March 1862 and was stopped by Lees
  superior tactics.
• McClellan was forced to retreat after five months
  and was replaced by General John Pope.

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Second Battle of Bull Run

• Attention focused on Virginia
• Lee attacked Pope before McClellan could assist
  with reinforcements
• Union forces retreat
• Lee continued to invade Maryland
• Serious consequences
• Maryland might fall to the Confederates
• Democrats could gain control of Congress
• Britain and France might recognize the
  Confederacy

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Antietam (September 1862)

• Lee moved into Maryland in the hope that a win in
  the North would convince Britain to support the
  South.
• Lincoln had given back the Union command to
  McClellan.
• Union intercepted the Confederates at Antietam
  Creek in Sharpsburg, MD.
• Bloodiest day of war 22,000 killed or wounded.
• Lee retreated to VA.
• Lincoln blamed McClellan for not pursuing Lee and
  removed him as commander for a final time.
• Although a draw, it did stop the Confederates
  from getting support from Britain.
• Used this partial win as the basis for the
  Emancipation Proclamation.

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The Battle of Antietam
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Fredericksburg

• Ambrose Burnside replaced McClellan.
• Burnside attacked at Fredericksburg, VA and lost
  12,000 to the Confederates 5,000.

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Monitor vs. Merrimac (March 1862)

• The Merrimac was a former Union ship rebuilt as
  an ironclad, renamed the Virginia, and used to
  sink Union ships.
• The Union built its own ironclad, the Monitor,
  and fought a five hour battle with the Merrimac
  near Hampton Roads, VA.
• The battle was a draw, but allowed the Union to
  keep its Anaconda Plan in place.
• Revolutionized naval warfare

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Battle at Hampton Roads
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Grant in the West

• In early 1862, Grant used a combination of
  gunboats and army maneuvers to capture Forts
  Henry and Donelson on the Cumberland River.
• 14,000 Confederates were taken prisoner and
  opened up the Mississippi to Union attack.
• The Confederates under Albert Johnston surprised
  Grant at Shiloh, TN, but Grant forced the
  Confederate retreat after over 23,000 were killed
  and wounded.
• The capture of New Orleans by Union naval
  commander David Farragut aided Grants drive down
  the Mississippi.

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Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy

• Trent Affair
• Confederate diplomats James Mason and John
  Slidell were on way to Britain aboard the Trent.
• Union warship stopped the Trent and brought Mason
  and Slidell back as prisoners of war.
• Britain threatened war unless they were released.

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Confederate Raiders

• Confederates purchased British ships for raiding.
• U.S. minister to Britain, Charles Francis Adams,
  convinced the British to stop selling ships to
  the Confederates.

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Failure of Cotton Diplomacy

• Britain was able to get cotton from Egypt and
  India.
• The Emancipation Proclamation appealed to the
  British.

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The End of Slavery

• Lincoln was hesitant over the issue of slavery.
• wanted support of border states
• constitutional protection was needed to end
  slavery
• prejudices of northerners
• fear that it could be overturned in the next
  election

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Confiscation Acts

• Union Army could confiscate Confederate property.
• Thousands of escaped slaves fled to Union camps.

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Emancipation Proclamation

• Lincoln portrayed emancipation as a means to
  saving the Union
• Did not go into effect until 1-1-1863
• Only freed slaves in areas under rebellion
• Excluded states that did not secede
• Excluded states that were occupied already

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Freedmen in the War

• ¼ of slaves walked away from slavery to seek
  protection of the Union Army
• 200,000 African Americans served in the Union
  Army

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Clement L. Vallandigham
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The Rise of the Copperheads

• Lincolns support waned significantly in winter,
  1863
• Clement L. Vallandigham, of Ohio
• Powerful Peace Democratic spokesman
• Arrested and convicted for treason and aiding and
  abetting the enemy
• Banished to the Confederacy for his sentence
• Runs for governor of Ohio from exile in Canada,
  but loses

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Economic Problems in the South

• South suffered from food shortages and
  hyperinflation
• Richmond Bread Riot (1863)

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The Wartime Draft and Class Tensions

• Confederate draft
• paid substitutes and used slaves
• rich mans war, poor mans fight
• Union draft
• Bounty jumpers
• Substitutes
• Democrats inflame tensions over draft
• New York City Draft Riot (1863)
• Class tensions

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Blueprint for Modern America

• 37th Congress
• Homestead Act
• Morrill Land-Grant College Act
• Pacific Railroad Act

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Women and the War

• Female casualties
• Clerical jobs open to women in the north
• Clara Barton
• Womens Central Association for Relief
• Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell
• United States Sanitary Commission
• National Woman Suffrage Association
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Susan B. Anthony

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Female Spies
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Frances Clayton
Source The National Archives
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Sarah Rosetta Wakeman
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The Gettysburg Campaign

• Lee invades north June 1863
• Lees forces meet Union army under George Gordon
  Meade 7-1-1863
• James Longstreet
• Lee orders attacks on union flanks, they fail
• Picketts Charge attack in the center, it
  fails
• Lee retreats 7-4-1863

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The Battle of Gettysburg
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The Vicksburg Campaign

• Grants campaign and control of the Mississippi
  River
• Joseph Johnston
• Confederate leader
• Surrendered Vicksburg 7-4-1863

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Chickamauga and Chattanooga

• Confederates abandon Knoxville and Chattanooga,
  losing only East-West rail link
• Chickamauga Confederate ambush
• Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge
• Grant appoint general-in-chief of union army

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Black Men in Blue

• Frederick Douglass
• Blacks fighting for union would guarantee
  citizenship
• Field commanders start forming Black regiments
  from slaves they freed
• Non-combat roles
• Paid less than whites
• Officers were white
• 54th Massachusetts Infantry
• Robert Gould Shaw

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Frederick Douglass and Robert Gould Shaw
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The Atlanta Campaign

• Shermans army in Georgia
• Accomplished more at less cost than Grant
• Kennesaw Mountain
• John Bell Hood
• Replaced Johnston
• Three counterattacks left Confederates defeated

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Peace Overtures

• Horace Greeley
• U.S. sentiments yearned for peace
• Lincoln refused to drop the Emancipation
  Proclamation as a condition of peace
• Democrats nominated McClellan for President
• Peace campaign

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The Prisoner-Exchange Controversy

• Prisoner exchanges for 1st part of war, no large
  prison camps needed
• Exchange ends after Confederates threat to kill
  Black soldiers and their white officers
• Fort Pillow Massacre
• Generally not enforced, Blacks returned to their
  masters
• Prison camps
• Overcrowded, poorly constructed
• 12 of Confederate prisoners died, 16 of Union
• Andersonville
• Lincoln refuses to renew exchanges unless Black
  and White prisoners treated the same

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The Issue of Black Soldiers in the Confederate
Army

• Winter of 1864-65 Confederates desperate
• Confederate government agrees to recruit slaves

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The Capture of Atlanta

• Month-long stalemate at Atlanta front
• Shermans army attacked and captured railroad
  into Atlanta
• Atlanta falls to Sherman September 1864

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From Atlanta to the Sea

• Union armies destroy Confederate property,
  railroads, factories, farms that supported the
  Southern Army
• Shermans forces burned one-third of Atlanta and
  marched to Savannah, wrecking most everything
  along the way

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William Tecumseh Sherman
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Fort Fisher and Shermans March through the
Carolinas

• Fall of Fort Fisher ends blockade running
• Shermans march of destruction from Savannah into
  South Carolina
• War could not end until Confederate forces
  surrendered

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The Road to Appomattox

• Sheridans cavalry and Five Forks
• Lee Abandons Richmond and Petersburg
• Lee surrenders to Grant

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The Assassination of Lincoln

• Fords Theatre, April 1865
• John Wilkes Booth
• Confederate armies continued to surrender April
  June
• Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia

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Conclusion

• Civil War cost 625,000 lives
• Since 1865, no state has seriously threatened
  secession
• 1865 Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery and
  ensured liberty of all Americans
• Regional transfer of power from South to North