England and France Develop

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England and France Develop
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The Norman Invasion

• William The Conqueror, or Duke of Normandy,
  invaded England to claim the throne
• He defeated Harold Godwinson in the Battle of
  Hastings of 1066 to become king
• William laid the foundation for centralized
  govt in England

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Goals of English Kings

• English kings wanted to maintain expand their
  territory, specifically their French lands
• King Henry II added to French lands by marrying
  Eleanor of Aquitaine
• They also wanted to strengthen their power over
  both the Church and the nobility

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Henry IIs Reforms

• Henry strengthened royal courts by sending royal
  judges all over England to collect taxes, settle
  lawsuits, punish for crimes
• Henry introduced the use of a jury in English
  courts
• Juries consisted of 12 loyal neighbors of the
  accused who answered questions about the case
• Jury trials only used by kings courts

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Common Law

• The rulings made by Englands royal judges
  developed a unified body of law referred to as
  common law
• The principles of English common law are the
  basis for law in the United States today, as
  well as other English-speaking countries

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The Magna Carta

• Henry II ? Richard the Lionhearted ? John
  Softsword
• John was a poor military leader and lost lands in
  France
• He was cruel to subjects and raised taxes
• Nobles revolted and forced John to agree to the
  Magna Carta on June 15, 1215

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The Magna Carta

• The Magna Carta guaranteed basic political rights
• Eventually, these basic rights were applied to
  every citizen
• Rights included no taxation without
  representation, a jury trial, and protection of
  the law

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The Model Parliament

• King Edward I need to raise taxes for war, and
  summoned a meeting of a parliament, or
  legislative group
• In Nov. 1295, knights, burgesses, bishops, and
  lords met together at Westminster in London
• This practice continued whenever new taxes were
  needed
• In Parliament, a group of knights and burgesses
  formed the House of Commons, and the nobles and
  bishops formed the House of Lords
• Parliament was a royal tool that weakened lords,
  but grew in strength to provide a check on royal
  power

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A New France

• French kings sought to increase their power
• After Charlemagnes heirs split the empire,
  France was divided into feudal territories ruled
  by members of the Carolingian family
• Hugh Capet, the duke of middle France, ruled a
  small area that included Paris
• This began the Capetian Dynasty which ruled
  France from 987-1328

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The Capetians

• Philip II, or Philip Augustus, was the most
  powerful Capetian ruler
• Philip II greatly expanded Frances territory
• He wanted a stronger central govt
• Established royal officials known as bailiffs
• Bailiffs presided over kings courts collected
  taxes

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The Capetians

• Louis IX was the ideal king and was made a saint
  by the Catholic church
• Created a French appeals court to overturn
  decisions made by local courts
• Strengthened the monarchy while weakening feudal
  ties
• Philip IV is known for quarrels with the pope
• Pope forbade priests to pay kings taxes
• Philip IV needed to gain support for his policies
• Called a meeting of lords, bishops, and also
  commoners to get this support

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The Estates

• 1st Estate Church leaders
• 2nd Estate lords
• 3rd Estate commoners, wealthy landowners or
  merchants
• Meeting of all three estates Estates-General

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The Estates General

• Like the English Parliament, the Estates-General
  helped increase the kings power over the
  nobility
• However, while Parliament eventually became an
  independent force that limited the kings power,
  the Estates-General did not

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Beginnings of Democracy

• Centralized govt to rule widespread lands
• Common law court systems contributed toward
  stronger central govt power
• Including commoners in decision-making process of
  govt