Technology in Architecture

1
Technology in Architecture

• Lecture 12
• Electrical Equipment
• Electrical Power Management
• Fire Protection Systems

2
Electrical Equipment

• Power Supply

M F. 27.1 p. 1246
3
Electrical Equipment

• Switchgear

M F.27.2 p.1247
4
Electrical Equipment

• Switchgear Space Requirements

M F.26.28 p.1209
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Electrical Equipment
M F.27.12 p.1257

• Distribution Networks
• Cable/Conduit
• Busduct
• Busway
• Underfloor systems
• Raised floor systems

M F.27.32 p.1271
M F.27.9 p.1255
6
Electrical Equipment

• Safety Considerations
• National Electrical Code
• Fuses and Circuit Breakers
• Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI, GFI)
• Battery Backup
• Emergency Generator
• Armored Cable vs Metal Clad

7
Electrical Equipment

• Electrical Closets

M F.28.14 p.1300
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Electrical Equipment

• Electrical Plans
• Lighting
• Power

M F.28.21 p.1315
M F.28.22 p.1316
9
Fire Protection Systems

10
Sources of Ignition

• Chemicals spontaneous combustion
• Electrical resistance, overloaded wiring,
  lightning
• Mechanical sparks and friction

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Products of Combustion

• Fire/Heat
• Smoke
• Gases ? toxic, displace oxygen carbon
  monoxide cyanide ? foam rubber hydrogen
  chloride ? PVC hydrogen sulfide sulfur
  dioxide ammonia

12
Fire Life Safety Objectives

• Protection of Life
• Protection of Property
• Continuity of Operation
• Codes specify minimum acceptablelevel of
  performance

13
Protection of Life

• Evacuation clear pathways, smoke free, minimum
  32 entrance width, 2 hour walls/doors
• Physical limits
• 2-way travelon stairs
• Do not include elevators

M p.1092, T.24.3
14
Property Protection

• Access for fire/life safety vehicles
• Increased reliability of internal systems
• Estimated time of arrival of fire fighters
• Adequate water volume and pressure
• Exposure protection from surrounding context
• Compartmentation
• Automatic detection/suppression systems
• Structural Protection

M p.1098, F.24.7
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Continuity of Operations

• Fire detection/suppression systems in critical
  areas
• Smoke purging systems
• Waterproof/water containment

M p. 1102, F.24.11
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Building System Requirements

• Enhance Fire/Life Safety
• High thermal mass
• Adequate water pressure
• Overhangs on windows
• Reduce Fire/Life Safety
• Open plan
• Forced air systems
• Electric lighting only
• Sunscreens
• Non-operable windows
• Insulation
• Acoustical materials

17
Smoke Management Strategies

• Confinement
• Fire walls
• Smoke barriers
• Dilution
• Pressurized stairwells
• Exhaust
• Large atria
• HVAC
• Pressurize building
• Automated Ventilating Hatches

18
Water Management Strategies

• Water
• cools
• smothers fire
• removes heat/oxygen
• - damages contents
• conducts electricity
• dilutes oil
• changes to steam

19
Water Management Strategies

• Water Sources
• Standpipes ? siamese connection to outside
• Hose Cabinets ? siamese connection or
  house tank
• Sprinkler Systems ? siamese connection or
• house tank

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Water Management Strategies

• Sprinkler Head Types
• Semi-Recessed
• Recessed
• Pendant
• Upright
• Sidewall

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Water Management Strategies

• Hazard levels
• Light
• Ordinary
• Extra-hazard

M p. 1112, T.24.8
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Water Management Strategies

• Sprinkler spacing
• orientation
• sprinkler type
• hazard level

M p. 1084, T.24.9
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Water Management Strategies

• Sprinkler System Types
• Wet-pipe
• Dry-pipe
• Preaction
• Deluge

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Wet-pipe Systems

• Water in pipe
• Sprinkler activated
• Sprinklers closed
• Used in areas with temperaturegt 40ºF

M p. 1118, F.24.18
25
Dry-pipe Systems

• Compressed air or nitrogen in pipe
• Sprinkler activated
• Sprinkler closed
• Used in unheated areas
• Valve in heated enclosure

M p. 1123, F.24.23
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Preaction System

• Air in pipe
• Minimal air pressure
• Separate detectors
• Sprinklers closed
• Used in water-damage sensitive areas
• Delay in filling allows time to find/fight fire

M p. 1124, F.24.24
27
Deluge System

• Air in pipe
• Separate detectors
• Sprinklers open
• Used where extremely rapid fire spread expected

M p. 1125, F.24.25
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Non-Water Suppression Systems

• Halogenated Gases ? now illegal
• Foams
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Clean Agent Gases
• Portable Fire Extinguishers

29
Design Considerations

• Head location/type
• Uniform coverage
• Symmetry
• Connectivity

M p. 1119, F.24.19
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