Module 8

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Module 8

• Hypnosis and Drugs

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HYPNOSIS

• Hypnosis definition
• procedure in which a researcher, clinician, or
  hypnotists suggests that a person will experience
  changes in sensation, perceptions, thoughts,
  feelings, or behaviors
• Who can be hypnotized?
• not correlated with introversion, extraversion,
  social position, intelligence, willpower, sex,
  compliance, gullibility, being highly motivated,
  or being a placebo responder

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HYPNOSIS (CONT.)

• Who is susceptible?
• individuals with the remarkable ability to
  respond to imaginative suggestions
• best known test Stanford Hypnotic
  Susceptibility Scale

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HYPNOSIS (CONT.)

• Theories of hypnosis
• Altered States Theory of Hypnosis
• holds that hypnosis puts a person into an altered
  state of consciousness, during which the person
  is disconnected from reality, which results in
  being able to experience and respond to various
  suggestions
• Sociocognitive Theory of hypnosis
• behaviors observed during hypnosis result not
  from being hypnotized, but rather from having the
  special ability of responding to imaginative
  suggestions and social pressures

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HYPNOSIS (CONT.)

• Behaviors
• Hypnotic analgesia
• Reduces pain and anxiety (dental tx)
• Posthypnotic suggestion
• Age regression
• Posthypnotic amnesia

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DRUGS OVERVIEW

• Reasons for use
• include obtaining pleasure, joy, and euphoria
  meeting social expectations giving in to peer
  pressure dealing with or escaping stress,
  anxiety, and tension avoiding pain and
  achieving altered state of consciousness
• Psychoactive drugs
• affect nervous system
• may alter consciousness and awareness, influence
  how we sense and perceive things, and modify our
  moods, feelings, emotions, and thoughts

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DRUGS OVERVIEW (CONT.)

• Addiction
• 3 Cs of addiction
• Compulsion
• Control
• Consequences
• 1957 AMA declared alcoholism a disease
• 3 criteria
• known etiology
• known progression of symptoms
• known outcome

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DRUGS OVERVIEW (CONT.)

• Tolerance
• after a person uses a drug repeatedly over a
  period of time, the original dose of the drug no
  longer produces the desired effect so that a
  person must take increasingly larger doses of the
  drug to achieve the same behavioral effect
• Dependency
• refers to a change in the nervous system so that
  a person now needs to take the drug to prevent
  the occurrence of painful withdrawal symptoms
• Withdrawal symptoms
• painful physical and psychological symptoms that
  occur after a drug-dependent person stops using
  the drug

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DRUGS OVERVIEW (CONT.)

• Effects on nervous system
• drugs affect neurotransmitters
• Neurotransmitters
• chemical keys that search for and then either
  open or close chemical locks to either excite or
  inhibit neighboring neurons, organs, or muscles
• Mimicking
• some drugs produce their effects by mimicking the
  way the neurotransmitters work
• Reuptake
• some drugs block reuptake

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DRUGS OVERVIEW (CONT.)

• Effects on nervous system
• some drugs directly activate the brains
  reward/pleasure center
• also activated when one eats food, has sex, and
  does other pleasurable activities

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STIMULANTS

• Definition
• stimulants, including cocaine, amphetamines,
  caffeine, and nicotine, increase activity of the
  central nervous system and result in heightened
  alertness, arousal, euphoria, and decreased
  appetite and fatigue

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STIMULANTS (CONT.)

• Caffeine
• drug
• mild stimulant, produces moderate physiological
  and psychological arousal, including decreased
  fatigue and drowsiness, feelings of alertness and
  improved reaction times
• Nervous system
• caffeine belongs to the chemical class called
  xanthines
• blocks certain receptors (adenosine receptors) in
  the brain
• mild physiological and psychological arousal

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STIMULANTS (CONT.)

• Caffeine
• Dangers
• mild to heavy doses of caffeine can result in
  addiction and dependency similar to those
  produced by alcohol, nicotine, and cocaine (two
  cups of coffee)
• higher doses result in depression, tension, and
  anxiety

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STIMULANTS (CONT.)

• Nicotine
• drug
• stimulant that triggers the brains
  reward/pleasure center to produce good feelings
• low doses improve attention, concentration, and
  short term memory
• regular use causes addiction and dependency
• leads to withdrawal

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STIMULANTS (CONT.)
Freud's drug addiction?

• Nicotine
• nervous system
• stimulates the production of dopamine
• also stops other controlling cells from turning
  off the pleasure areas
• Dangers
• very addicting
• causes sexual problems including impotency
• withdrawal symptoms range in severity and include
  nervousness, irritability, difficulty in
  concentrating, sleep disturbances, and strong
  craving

20 cigars/day
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Smoking and Drinking
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ALCOHOL

• History and use
• first brewery appeared in Egypt in about 3700
  B.C.
• national and CA legal definition of being drunk
  is 0.08 (after possibly 3-4 drinks)
• effects the nervous system and results in
  behavioral and emotional changes

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(No Transcript)
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ALCOHOL (CONT.)

• drug
• ethyl alcohol is a psychoactive drug classified
  as a depressant
• depresses activity of the central nervous system
• alcohol seems like a stimulant but later
  depresses physiological and psychological
  responses

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ALCOHOL (CONT.)

• Nervous system
• affects many parts of the nervous system
• stimulates GABA neural receptors, leads to
  feeling less anxious and less inhibited
• also impairs the anterior cingulate cortex,
  monitors the control of motor actions
• drinkers fail to recognize their impaired motor
  performance (driving)
• high doses depresses vital breathing reflexes
  in the medulla (brain stem)
• may lead to death

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ALCOHOL (CONT.)

• Dangers
• hangover
• includes upset stomach, dizziness, fatigue,
  headache, and depression
• repeated and heavy drinking can result in
  tolerance, addiction, and dependency
• withdrawal symptoms
• shaking, nausea, anxiety, diarrhea,
  hallucinations, and disorientation
• another serious problem, blackout
• occur after heavy and repeated drinking

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ALCOHOL (CONT.)

• Dangers (cont.)
• blackouts
• person seems to behave normally but does not
  remember what happened when sober
• repeated and heavy drinking can also result in
  liver damage, alcoholism, and brain damage

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ALCOHOL (CONT.)

• Risk factors
• genetic risk factors
• refer to inherited biases for predispositions
  that increase the potential for alcoholism
• genetic factors contribute 50 to 60 to the
  reasons a person becomes an alcoholic

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Beer and Ball Student Binge Drinking
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MARIJUANA

• Use and effects
• Most widely used illegal drug
• medical marijuana
• can be effective in treating nausea and vomiting
  associated with chemotherapy, appetite loss in
  AIDS patients, eye disease (glaucoma), muscle
  spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis,
  and some forms of pain
• gateway effect
• says that using marijuana leads young people to
  try harder drugs

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MARIJUANA (CONT.)

• psychoactive drug whose primary active ingredient
  is THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
• depending on the users state of mind, marijuana
  can either heighten or distort pleasant or
  unpleasant experiences, moods, or feelings

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MARIJUANA (CONT.)

• THC receptors are located throughout the brain,
  including the hippocampus, cerebral cortex,
  limbic system, cerebellum, and basal ganglia
• the brain itself makes a chemical similar to THC
• (anandamide) currently under study

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MARIJUANA (CONT.)

• Dangers
• can cause temporary changes in cognitive
  functioning
• can temporarily decrease secretion of various
  hormones and effectiveness of the immune system
• respiratory problems like bronchitis and asthma
• high doses may cause toxic psychoses, including
  delusions, paranoia, and feelings of terror

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Drugs, Brain, Behavior

• Brain structures that may correspond with
  behaviors
• Thalamus hallucinations, impaired
  decision-making
• Hypothalamus nausea, decreased appetite
• Amygdala Intense emotions, anxiety relief
• Hippocampus impaired decision-making
• Pons slowing of time, relaxed euphoria,
  drowsiness, alertness/wakefulness
• Cerebellum relaxation of body muscles, tremors
• Medulla increased heart beat, coma, death