Life in the STATE of Texas

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Life in the STATE of Texas
Chapter 13
1851 - 1860
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Section 1
OBJECTIVES

• Describe life in Texas during the years
  following annexation.
• Analyze how geographic factors affected
  economic development in Texas after annexation.

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Section 1
Changes in Texas

• Texas 28th state of the United States
• Texans celebrated!
• Many came from the U.S. so this was like a
  homecoming.
• Texas was still a frontier.
• challenging life
• dangerous

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Rural Life in Texas

• Between 1846 and 1860 nearly all Texans lived on
  farms or ranches.
• land was plentiful and inexpensive
• Farmers focused on food crops but made little
  profit.
• corn, wheat, oats, sweet potatoes
• The primary cash crop was cotton.
• a crop produced for profit
• During the 1850s many Texans began raising
  livestock for profit.
• sheep (wool), cattle (food, milk), chickens (food)

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The Growth of Towns

• Many Texans began moving into towns.
• Galveston largest population (5,000) in 1850
  (port and trade center)
• San Antonio became the largest town in 1860 with
  8,000 residents
• None of these communities could be called cities.
  
• homes, general store, blacksmith shops, offices
  for lawyers, doctors, newspapers, trade shops
• no paved streets
• buildings made of logs or lumber
• exception Menger Hotel (made of stone)

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The Growth of Towns

• Texas had two manufacturing facilities
• Houston manufacturing were making hats
• Henderson a textile factory
• textile - cloth

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TRANSPORTATION

• During the 1850s most Texans continued to ride
  horseback or in wagons pulled by horses, mules,
  or oxen.
• Since sandbars and debris made steamboat travel
  impossible on most Texas rivers, except the Rio
  Grande, small boats were used by many Texans.
• Many towns were served by stagecoaches, which
  carried passengers, some freight, and mail.
• Railroad construction began in Texas in the
  1850s.

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EDUCATION

• Even though Lamar had set land aside for public
  education, little progress had been made in
  education.
• No public education system existed when Texas
  became a state.
• Most Anglo-American children attended private
  schools that were established by their
  communities or church.
• Most schools were one-room log buildings.

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EDUCATION

• In 1854 Governor Pease signed a law that set
  aside 2 million for special school fund.
• Very few public schools were established.
• Several colleges were created during this time.
• The Permanent School Fund was established in 1876
  to ensure future support for public education.
• Today that fund is worth more than 20 billion.

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Social and Cultural Life

• Favorite Pastimes on the Texas Frontier
• horse racing
• hunting and fishing
• dancing
• Fiesta activities (among the Hispanics)
• religious celebrations (weddings, baptisms)
• political debates
• theater groups

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Section 1
MAIN IDEA

• The period before the Civil War was a time of
  growth in Texas. Although most Texans still lived
  on farms, towns developed across the state. Small
  advancements in transportation and education
  helped unify the scattered communities.

Why does it matter now?

• Advances in transportation and education made
  during frontier days prepared Texas for the
  future.

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Section 2
OBJECTIVES

• Analyze the reasons immigrant groups came to
  Texas and where they settled.

• Describe how migration from the United States
  to Texas influenced the Texas population in the
  1850s.

• Explain how migration to Texas influenced
  Texas culture.

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Section 2
The Changing Face of Texas

• The annexation of Texas brought more settlers.
• The population of Texas changed dramatically.
• According to the U.S. Census, over 212,000 people
  lived in Texas in 1850.
• By 1860, over 604,000 people called Texas home.

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Why did people come to Texas?

• land
• sense of adventure
• political freedom
• escape problems in their homelands
• Some families moved west one state per generation.

Since the new settlers came from many
backgrounds, these new immigrants created a
varied culture in Texas.
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From where did the immigrants come?

• United States
• Mexico
• Germany
• Ireland
• England
• France

• Poland
• Czechoslovakia
• Sweden
• Norway
• Italy
• Netherlands

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CULTURES AND SETTLEMENT IN TEXAS, 18201860
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Migration from the United States

• Most of the new Texans emigrated from the
  southern part of the U.S.
• During the 1850s many immigrants came from
  Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Alabama.
• Many of those who came to Texas knew how to farm
  so continued their trade in their new state.

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Mexican Texans

• Although the census didnt measure the number of
  Mexican Texans there were in the state in 1850,
  the historians estimate there were about 23,000.
• Most Tejanos lived near San Antonio or west of
  Big Bend to El Paso.
• Some Tejanos were worried that the Anglos would
  become more influential then they wereand the
  Tejanos had been in Texas a lot longer.

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Mexican Texans
Juan Cortina

• He operated a ranch near Brownsville.
• He believed the Tejanos were not being treated
  fairly.
• Cortina argued that the Anglos had taken some of
  the Tejanos land. (The Tejanos were unfamiliar
  with the land laws in the court systems.)
• He carried out acts of violence against corrupt
  officials.
• These acts were known as the Cortina War.

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• Cortina had as many as 400 supporters.
• In 1861 he was defeated by Confederate captain
  Santos Benavides.
• Cortinas actions left the Tejanos and Anglos
  suspicious of each other.
• Despite prejudices against them, Mexican
  Americans continue to have a strong influence on
  Texass economy, art, culture, and language.

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German Texans

• By 1860 more than 43,000 people born outside of
  the U.S. lived in Texas.
• Germans made up the largest number of these
  settlers.
• Some Germans came to Texas in search of political
  or religious freedom however, many of them also
  sought economic opportunities.
• One German, John Meusebach, brought more than
  2,000 German settlers to New Braunfels.
• He also founded Fredricksburg.

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Other Immigrants from Europe

• The Irish and English were the second and third
  largest groups of Europeans to settle in Texas.
• In 1845 many fled Ireland because of disease that
  attacked Irelands main food crop, the potato,
  and caused famine.
• famine severe shortage of food
• Settlers also came from France.
• One Frenchman, Henri Castro, founded Castroville.

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Native Texans

• Remember when President Lamar forced most Native
  Texans out of East Texas?
• His policy was called removal.
• removal forcing Native Americans to move to
  reservations
• Many Comanches and Kiowas, however, still lived
  in the western part of Texas.
• When the Texas settlers began moving west (into
  Comanche and Kiowas territory), tensions grew.

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Native Texans

• The U.S. Army established a line of military
  posts (buffer) from Fort Worth to Eagle Pass.
• Robert Neighbors suggested that the Texas
  government pass a bill to set aside land for
  Native Texans and they did.
• The Brazos Reservation The Clear Fork
  Reservation
• The Texas settlers continued to cross these
  boundaries, and within a few years, these small
  reservations were gone.
• The Native Texas were forced to move out of
  Texas.

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Section 2
MAIN IDEA

• The population of Texas continued to grow during
  the 1840s and 1850s. Settlers from the United
  States as well as Europe came to Texas in search
  of land and opportunity.

Why does it matter now?
Mexicans, Germans, and other European and U.S.
immigrants have had a strong influence on Texas.
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OBJECTIVES
Section 3

• Identify the differing points of viewregarding
  slavery in Texas and in the United States.

• Explain how disagreements over slavery and
  states rights affected Texas.

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Section 3
Slavery and Politics in Texas
Wedges of Separation

• Tensions increased between the United States and
  Texas over the issue of slavery.
• During the 1850s a number of issues became
  wedges of separation that divided the northern
  and southern parts of the U.S.
• slavery states rights

By 1860 at least ¾ of Texans voted to secede from
the Union and join the Confederacy. secede to
withdraw formally
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Slavery in Texas

• Slavery had existed in Texas for many years.
• Despite the Mexican governments attempts to free
  slaves, many immigrants brought slaves to Texas
  during the colonial period.
• Family members could be separated and sold.
• Slaves had no property rights, no legal rights to
  marriage or family, and usually no way to gain
  their freedom.
• Slaves could not vote.

As Texass economy grew, so did the number of
slaves. The growth of the cotton industry meant
more slaves to work the fields.
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Slavery in Texas

• By 1860 approximately 182,000 slaves (about 1/3
  of the states population) lived and worked in
  Texas.
• Even though not all white people in Texas
  believed in slavery, they did believe that
  slavery was needed to support the economy.

The northern states of the U.S. (the North) had
never been dependent on slavery, which caused
tension between the North and the South.
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Free African Americans in Texas

• Not all African Americans in Texas were slaves.
• In 1860 at least 350 free African Americans lived
  in Texas.
• Most free African Americans were poor farmers
  however there were some African Americans that
  owned their own shop, farm, or ranch.

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Slavery in New U.S. Territories

• U.S. citizens debated whether slavery should be
  allowed in new states and territories.
• The Compromise of 1850 had settled this issue in
  many of the new territories.
• However, they now needed to decide on territories
  such as Kansas and Nebraska.
• Stephen Douglas, U.S. senator, introduced a bill
  which would allow the citizens of Kansas and
  Nebraska to decide themselves whether they would
  permit slavery.
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

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Slavery in New U.S. Territories

• U.S. senators voted on bill proposed by Douglas.
• Texas Senator Sam Houston thought this bill would
  divide the Union, so he voted against it.
• Most Texans were upset because they believed
  Houstons vote would keep these territories
  closed to slavery.
• Senator Thomas Rusk voted to pass this bill.
• The bill did pass.
• Sam Houstons actions made it clear he would not
  be reelected to the Senate.

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Political Parties

• Houston also supported (but never joined) the
  newly created Know Nothing Party in Texas.
• This group opposed immigration to Texas,
  especially immigration by Roman Catholics.
• There were two major parties in the U.S.
• Democratic Party supported farmers and laborers
• Whig Party supported business growth
• When Texas became a state, most Texans were
  Democrats.

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Houstons 1857 Race for Governor

• Houston resigned from the U.S. Senate and
  returned to Texas to run for governor in 1857.
• He ran as an independent.
• Houston believed that the Union should remain
  whole and that the Southern states should not
  secede.
• Houston had been out of Texas for some time and
  lost touch with most Texans beliefs.
• Hardin Runnels, from Mississippi, ran against
  Houston on the Democratic ticket.
• Runnels favored states rights.
• Runnel favored sucession if it was needed to
  preserve states rights.

Runnels won.
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Houstons 1859 Race for Governor

• Immediately after he lost the governors race in
  1857, Houston ran again in 1859.
• Houston was elected in 1859.
• He had gained popularity over the past two years.
• While Runnels (who ran for reelection in 1859)
  had problems on the Texas frontier, he began
  losing popularity.

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Section 3
Main Idea
During the 1850s political issues began to divide
the United States. Like the rest of the nation,
Texas became involved in the dispute over slavery
and states rights.
Why It Matters Now
Differences between Northern and Southern states
continue to affect politics today.
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TIMELINE 18511860
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Life in the State of Texas 18511860
How Texans Lived
Most Texans still lived on farms, but towns and
industry also grew. Small improvements were made
in transportation and education.
The Changing Face of Texas
Texas experienced an increase in population as
settlers from other U.S. states and
Europeancountries arrived. At the same time
Native Texans were forced off of their lands and
onto reservations.
Slavery and Politics
Like the rest of the nation, Texas became
involved in the dispute over slavery and
states rights. Many Texans shared the views of
other Southerners and supported slavery.