Craik%20and%20Lockhart:%20Levels%20of%20processing

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Craik and Lockhart Levels of processing

• Mandy, Samantha Jessica

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Levels of processing model

• The theory that after information leaves sensory
  memory, its storage varies along a continuum of
  levels of processing ranging from shallow to
  deep processing the level of processing used
  during encoding determines how long and how well
  information is stored.
• Shallow processing processing information using
  structural encoding

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• Structural encoding Encoding information
  according to its basic (structural) perceptual
  features.
• Intermediate processing processing information
  using phonemic encoding.
• Phonemic encoding encoding information according
  to the sound of the words used to identify the
  information.
• Deep processing processing information using
  semantic encoding.
• Semantic encoding encoding information according
  to its meaning.
• Associates new memory with old memory

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• SHALLOW
• Produces weak
• memory traces that
• fade rapidly.

INTERMEDIATE Produces memory traces stronger
than those produced by structural encoding but
not as strong as semantic encoding.
DEEP Produces long lasting memory traces.
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Two major types of memory in Long-term memory
(LTM)

• Procedural Memory
  Declarative Memory
• Semantic
• Episodic

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Types of memory in Long-term memory (LTM)

• Procedural Memory Learnt actions and skills
• Example memories of how to do things such as
  walk, talk, juggle or ride a bike. This is known
  as Procedural Memory.
• Although these memories are in our LTM, they
  often involve complicated sequences of movements
  that we are usually unaware of or that we are
  unable to articulate. Therefore we only fully
  express a procedural memory as an action.
• Procedural memories appear to register in low
  brain areas that are beyond conscious control.
• These memories are the LTM types that are most
  resistant to forgetting.

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• Declarative Memory Facts and Rules
• The LTM stores factual information
• Example names, faces, words, dates and ideas
• Expressed as words or symbols
• Example knowing that Melbourne is the capital
  of Victoria or that you received a blue bicycle
  for your 10th birthday
• Psychologists divided as Semantic memory and
  Episodic memory

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• Semantic Memory Meaning
• A type of Declarative memory for impersonal
  factual knowledge about the world
• Example the names of objects, the days of the
  week, months of the year, simple mathematic
  skills, words and language and other general
  facts. (non-personal information)
• Episodic Memory Time and Place
• A type of Declarative memory for personally
  significant events associated with specific times
  and places.
• Example birthday celebration and your first day
  at High School.
• People convey these memories by stating I
  remember when where as Semantic memories state
  I know what

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Semantic Network Theory

• The Semantic Network Theory suggests that
  long-term memories are stored and organised in
  the concepts (nodes) based on shared meaning and
  connected by meaningful links.
• New information that has a similar meaning to
  information already stored in LTM is stored close
  to that similar information already in LTM.
• The links may be based on similarity of rules,
  images, categories, symbols, formal meaning or
  personal meaning.
• Example Canary is probably closer to bird in
  your semantic network than animal is to
  canary.