A SPEAKER

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A SPEAKERS GUIDEBOOK4TH EDITIONCHAPTER 1

• Why Study Public Speaking?

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Study Public Speaking to

• A. Advance your professional goals
• B. Accomplish personal goals
• C. Enhance your career as a student
• D. Explore and share values
• E. Improve critical thinking
• listening skills

So, this course really is all about you! If you
have an i-clicker, which one of these reasons do
you consider to be most valuable?
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In the classroom

• Oral presentations are common classroom
  assignments across the disciplines.
• Organization skills are applicable to most other
  courses.

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In the workplace

• A. Excellent written communication skills
• B. Effective verbal communication skills
• C. Constructive interpersonal skills
• D. Cohesive teamwork skills
• E. Efficient organization and leadership skills

Which one of these communication skills do you
believe employers value most?
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In the community

• Being an Engaged Citizen

• Public issues require citizens to make decisions
  or take actions.
• Change occurs when people speak up and work
  together to solve societal problems.
• Community Service? Discuss your past experiences.

Students from the Asian Student Association clean
up trash from the local beach.
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In the community

• Participating in the Process

• Use your i-clicker to respond, and then discuss.
• A. I voted in last election!
• B. I did not, because I was not eligible to vote.
• C. I forgot to vote.
• D. I didnt want to vote.
• E. I dont think my vote matters.

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In your personal life

• Small group communication will teach you how to
  communicate more effectively within your family
  or with your co-workers.
• Learning to listen well improves your friendships
  and romantic relationships.
• Being articulate about your thoughts and ideas
  leads to increased satisfaction in your
  relationships.

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Comparing public speaking to other types of
communication contexts

• SIMILARITIES

• You must speak to other people.
• You must think about your listeners and their
  needs.
• You must be understood when you speak.
• You must be responsible about what you say and
  how you speak.

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Comparing public speaking to other types of
communication contexts

• DIFFERENCES

• You have less opportunity for a response or
  feedback from your listeners.
• You are responsible for more of the message
  content.
• You must pay closer attention to nonverbal cues
  and use a formal voice.

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Successful public speakers

• Use familiar words and phrases.
• Use simple sentence structure (S-V-O).
• Repeat key concepts.
• Use inclusive language.
• Use proper grammar.
• Are more organized with their thoughts.

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Cultural Sensitivity

• Speakers recognize the values, behaviors, and
  artifacts that are important to the cultural
  group to which they are speaking.
• A culturally sensitive speaker avoids making
  ethnocentric remarks and addresses cultural
  differences with respect.

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A SPEAKERS GUIDEBOOK4TH EDITIONCHAPTER 1

• The Communication Process

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Do you agree or disagree?

• Anyone who forms a judgment on any point but
  cannot explain himself clearly might as well have
  never thought on the subject.
• Pericles, Greek Philosopher

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Some types of communication

• Dyadic Communication
• - Intrapersonal
• - Interpersonal
• Public
• - Speeches
• - Forums
• Mass
• Small Group

What type of communication is this child
experiencing? May she also be experiencing other
types of communication that are not pictured?
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The Communication Process

• Communication occurs in a single CONTEXT or
  SITUATION.
• The SPEAKER encodes and then transmits a MESSAGE
  along a CHANNEL to the RECEIVER.
• The RECEIVER decodes the MESSAGE and sends
  NONVERBAL FEEDBACK to the SPEAKER.
• Sometimes NOISE or INTERFERENCE keeps the MESSAGE
  from reaching the RECEIVER.

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Obvious Elements of the Communication Process

• Situation/Context
• Speaker/Source
• Message
• Channel
• Receiver/Listener/Audience
• Noise/Interference
• Verbal Feedback/Nonverbal Feedback

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Internal Elements of the Communication Process
for the Speaker

• Encoding speaker thinks of what to say.
• Audience perspective speaker considers
  receivers point of view.
• Shared meaning mutual understanding of the
  message between speaker and receiver.
• Goal speakers purpose.

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Internal Elements of the Communication Process
for the Receiver

• Decoding listener interprets what the speaker
  said or did.
• Shared meaning mutual understanding of the
  message between speaker and receiver.
• Outcome effect of message on the receiver.

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Linear vs. Transactional Communication

• Linear communication is a one-way message where
  the receiver does not typically respond to the
  source.
• Example Listening to the news reporter.
• Transactional communication includes verbal
  feedback or interruptions.
• Example A conversation between friends.

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Question

• Which one of the following types of
  communication is linear?
• A. Dyadic
• B. Mass
• C. Group

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Question

• Which one of the following types of
  communication is usually transactional?
• A. Dyadic
• B. Mass
• C. Group
• D. Public

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A SPEAKERS GUIDEBOOK4TH EDITIONCHAPTER 1

• The Canons of Rhetoric

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History of Rhetoric (The early Greeks)

• Oratorical skill was required by all.
• Speeches were persuasive in nature.
• Self representation existed in court (no
  lawyers).
• Public affairs occurred in the agora or
  marketplace.

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History of Rhetoric (The Romans)

• Citizens, as members of a representative
  democracy, met in a public space, called a forum.
  
• The term, public forum, is still used today and
  refers to both town hall meetings to media
  outlets.

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Types of Oratory (The Greeks)

• Forensic Oratory legal contexts, such as before
  a jury
• Deliberative Oratory legislative or political
  contexts
• Epideictic Oratory for special ceremonies, such
  as celebrations and funerals

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Great Rhetoricians

• Protagoras
• Plato
• Aristotle
• Cicero

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Canons of Rhetoric (Aristotle)

• Invention
• Arrangement
• Style
• Memory
• Delivery

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Invention (inventio Cicero)

• Adapting the speech information to the audience
  to make your case (persuasive)
• Discovering your speech material (informative)

INVENTION BREAK Compile a list of
informative and persuasive topics in groups or
as a class on which you would like to hear
speeches.
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Arrangement (dispositio Cicero)

• Organizing the speech topic
• Outlining the topic points or claims
• Designing your visual aid
• (Disclaimer The Greeks and Romans did not
  employ visual aids, such as this PowerPoint
  slideshow, but relied mostly on oratorical skill).

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Style (elocutio Cicero)

• Meaning a speakers use of language to express
  ideas.
• Analogy Two singers can sing the same words, but
  that doesnt mean youll like each singers style.

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Memory (memoria Cicero)

• The practice of the speech until it can be
  artfully delivered.
• Remembering all of the lines of argument to prove
  your case.
• Manuscripts used in Extemporaneous speaking are
  flexible.
• Forensic speaking requires memorization of
  manuscripts.

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Delivery (pronounciatio Cicero)

• Includes elements of vocal variety and delivery
  style
• Involves nonverbal behavior and gestures used
  when speaking

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Question

• Knowing that youll soon be giving a speech,
  about which one of the canons are you most
  concerned or nervous?
• A. Invention
• B. Arrangement
• C. Style
• D. Memory
• E. Delivery

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Review the Canons in the Text

• Invention occurs when you analyze your audience
  (Ch. 6), select your topic (Ch. 7), and find and
  use supporting material (Chs. 8-10).
• Arrangement happens when you organize your
  thoughts (Chs. 11, 12, 26), and outline your
  speech (Ch. 13).
• Style refers to your use of language (Ch. 16).
• Memory involves the method of delivery (Ch. 17).
• Delivery refers to your vocal and nonverbal usage
  (Chs. 18 19).

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Chapter 1 Key Terms for Review

• oratory
• rhetoric
• agora
• forum
• public forum
• forensic oratory
• deliberative oratory
• epideictic oratory
• canons of rhetoric
• invention
• arrangement
• style
• memory
• delivery
• dyadic communication
• small group communication

• mass communication
• public speaking
• source
• encoding
• receiver
• decoding
• feedback
• audience perspective
• message
• channel
• noise
• shared meaning
• rhetorical situation
• culture
• ethnocentrism
• cultural intelligence