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Endurance Perdurance SNAP and SPAN

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Title: Endurance Perdurance SNAP and SPAN


1
Endurance PerduranceSNAP and SPAN
2
Substances
  • Mesoscopic reality is
  • divided at its natural joints
  • into substances
  • animals, bones, rocks, potatoes

3
The Ontology of Substances
  • Substances form natural kinds
  • (universals, species genera)

4
Processes
  • Processes merge into one another
  • Process kinds merge into one another
  • few clean joints either between instances or
    between types

5
Processes
6
Nouns and verbs
  • Substances and processes
  • Continuants and occurrents
  • Endurants and perdurants
  • In preparing an inventory of reality
  • we keep track of these two different categories
    of entities in two different ways

7
Natural language
  • glues them together indiscriminately

substance
8
Substances and processes
demand different sorts of inventories
9
Substances demand 3-D partonomies
10
Moments demand 4D-partonomies

11
Processes
  • a whistling, a blushing, a speech
  • a run, the warming of this stone

12
Processes may have temporal parts
  • The first 5 minutes of my headache is a temporal
    part of my headache
  • The first game of the match is a temporal part
    of the whole match

13
Substances do not have temporal parts
  • The first 5-minute phase of my existence is not
    a temporal part of me
  • It is a temporal part of that complex moment
    which is my life

14
Substances have spatial parts
15
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16
  • How do we glue these two different sorts of
    entities together mereologically?
  • How do we include them both in a single
    inventory of reality?

17
Substances and processes form two distinct orders
of being
  • Substances exist as a whole at every point in
    time at which they exist at all
  • Processes unfold through time, and are never
    present in full at any given instant during which
    they exist.

When do both exist to be inventoried together?
18
Main problem
  • English swings back and forth between two
    distinct depictions of reality
  • imposing both 3-D partitions (yielding
    substances) and 4-D partitions (yielding
    processes) at the same time

19
Main problem
  • There is a polymorphous ontological promiscuity
    of the English sentence,
  • which is inherited also by the form F(a)

20
The Four-Dimensionalist Ontology
21
boundaries are mostly fiat
everything is flux
22
mereology works without restriction everywhere
here
23
The Time-Stamped Ontology
t3
t2
t1
here time exists outside the ontology, as an
index or time-stamp
24
mereology works without restriction in every 3-D
SNAPti ontology
25
Ontological Dependence
  • Substances are that which can exist on their own
  • Processes require a support from substances in
    order to exist
  • This holds for qualities, too

26
Ontological Dependence
  • Substances are such that, while remaining
    numerically one and the same, they can admit
    contrary qualities at different times
  • I am sometimes hungry, sometimes not

27
Substances
  • can also gain and lose parts
  • as an organism may gain and lose molecules

28
Types of relations between parts
  • 1. Dependence relations
  • 2. Side-by-sideness relations
  • 3. Fusion relations

29
Dependence
process
a thinking
cannot exist without a thinker
substance
30
Theory of vagueness
Side-by-sideness
found among substances and among qualities and
processes
31
Fusion
Topology
32
Topology, like mereology,
  • applies both in the realm of substances and in
    the realms of qualities and processes

33
SNAP and SPAN
  • Substancesqualities and processes
  • Continuants and occurrents
  • In preparing an inventory of reality
  • we keep track of these two different categories
    of entities in two different ways

34
Fourdimensionalism denies this
  • time is just another dimension, analogous to
    the three spatial dimensions
  • only processes exist
  • substances are analyzed away as worms/fibers
    within the four-dimensional process plenum

35
Parts of processes (1)
36
Parts of processes (2)
37
There are no substances
  • Bill Clinton does not exist
  • Rather there exists within the four-dimensional
    plenum a continuous succession of processes which
    are similar in Billclintonizing way

38
4-Dism gtThere is no change
  • That the water boils means
  • Not the water is colder at one time and hotter
    at another time
  • Rather that one phase of the boiling process is
    cold and another hot
  • as one part of a colored ribbon is red and
    another blue

39
The Parable of Little Tommys Christmas Present
40
Little Tommys Other Christmas Present
41
Fourdimensionalism
  • rests on a misunderstanding of physics
  • (both of relativity theory and of quantum
    mechanics)
  • and on a misunderstanding of the status of
    Newtonian physics

42
Fourdimensionalism
  • is right in everything it says
  • But incomplete

43
Realist Perspectivalism
There is a multiplicity of ontological
perspectives on reality, all equally veridical
transparent to reality
44
Need for different perspectives
  • Not one ontology, but a multiplicity of
    complementary ontologies
  • Cf. Quantum mechanics particle vs. wave
    ontologies

45
Two Orthogonal, Complementary Perspectives
SNAP and SPAN
46
SNAP and SPAN
  • the tumor and its growth
  • the surgeon and the operation
  • the virus and its spread
  • the temperature and its rise
  • the disease and its course
  • the therapy and its application

47
SNAP and SPAN
  • SNAP entities
  • - have continuous existence in time
  • - preserve their identity through change
  • - exist in toto if they exist at all
  • SPAN entities
  • - have temporal parts
  • - unfold themselves phase by phase
  • - exist only in their phases/stages

48
SNAP vs. SPAN
  • SNAP a SNAPshot ontology of endurants existing
    at a time
  • SPAN a four-dimensionalist ontology of processes

49
You are a substance
  • Your life is a process
  • You are 3-dimensional
  • Your life is 4-dimensional

50
Change
  • Adding SNAP to the fourdimensionalist perspective
    makes it possible to recognize the existence of
    change
  • (SNAP entities are that which endure, thus
    providing identity through change)
  • SNAP ontologies provide perspective points
    landmarks in the flux from which SPAN processes
    can be apprehended as changes

51
Substances do not have temporal parts
  • The first 5-minute phase of my existence is not
    a temporal part of me
  • It is a temporal part of that complex process
    which is my life

52
How do you know whether an entity is SNAP or SPAN?
53
Three kinds of SNAP entities
  1. Substances
  2. SPQR entities
  3. Spatial regions, contexts, niches, environments

54
SPQR entities
  • States, powers, qualities, roles
  • Substances are independent
  • SPQR entities are dependent on substances, they
    have a parasitic existence
  • a smile smiles only in a human face

55
Other SPQR entities
  • functions, dispositions, plans, shapes
  • SPQR entities are all dependent on substances
  • one-place SPQR entities temperature, color,
    height

56
Substances and SPQR entities
  • Substances are the bearers or carriers of,
  • SPQR entities inhere in their substances

57
one-place SPQR entities
  • tropes, individual properties
  • (abstract particulars)
  • a blush
  • my knowledge of French
  • the whiteness of this cheese
  • the warmth of this stone

58
  • relational SPQR entities

stand in relations of one-sided dependence to a
plurality of substances simultaneously
59
Ontological Dependence
  • Substances are that which can exist on their own
  • SPQR entities require a support from
    substances in order to exist

60
Ontological Dependence
  • Substances are such that, while remaining
    numerically one and the same, they can admit
    contrary qualities at different times
  • I am sometimes hungry, sometimes not

61
SNAP ontology
  • many sharp boundaries
  • SPAN ontology
  • many smeered boundaries
  • many fiat boundaries
  • (more scope for gerrymandering why?)

62
SPAN ontology
  • also smeered in that it forms layers of
    spatio-temporally coincident entities
  • Cf. the relation between application of therapy
    and course of disease
  • These overlap spatio-temporal, but belong to
    different layers
  • Need for Layered Mereotopology

63
SNAP entities
  • provide the principles of individuation/segmentati
    on for SPAN entities
  • No change without some THING or QUALITY which
    changes
  • identity-based change

64
Processes, too, are dependent on substances
  • One-place vs. relational processes
  • One-place processes
  • getting warmer
  • getting hungrier

65
Examples of relational processes
  • kissings, thumps, conversations,
  • dances,
  • Such relational processes
  • join their carriers together into collectives of
    greater or lesser duration

66
Processes, like substances, are concrete denizens
of reality
  • My headache, like this lump of cheese, exists
    here and now,
  • and both will cease to exist at some time in the
    future.
  • But they exist in time in different ways

67

SNAP and SPAN ontologies are partial only
  • Each is a window on that dimension of reality
    which is visible through the given ontology

(Realist perspectivalism)
68
SNAP Entities existing in toto at a time
69
Three kinds of SNAP entities
  1. Substances
  2. SPQR entities
  3. Spatial regions, Contexts, Niches

70
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71
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72
SNAP
73
SPAN Entities extended in time
74
SPAN Entities extended in time
75
SPAN Entities extended in time
76
Relations between SNAP and SPAN
SNAP-entities participate in processes they have
lives, histories
77
Participation
78
SPQR entities and their SPAN realizations
  • the expression of a function
  • the exercise of a role
  • the execution of a plan
  • the realization of a disposition

79
SPQR entities and their SPAN realizations
  • function
  • role
  • plan
  • disposition
  • therapy
  • disease

80
SPQR entities and their SPAN realizations
  • expression
  • exercise
  • execution
  • realization
  • application
  • course

SPAN
81
problem cases
  • traffic jam
  • forest fire
  • anthrax epidemic
  • hurricane Maria
  • waves
  • shadows

82
forest fire
  • a process
  • a pack of monkeys jumping from tree to tree
  • the Olympic flame
  • a process or a thing?
  • anthrax spores are little monkeys

83
Formalizing time
  • F(a)
  • F(a,b) at t
  • F(a,b,t)
  • F(a_at_t,b_at_t)

84
Formalizing time
  • F(a) SPAN
  • F(a) at t SNAP
  • F(a,t) Eternalism
  • F(a_at_t) stage ontology

85
Two alternative basic ontologies
  • both of which are able to sustain a directly
    depicting language
  • plus a system of meta-relations for building
    bridges between the two ontologies via
  • dependence
  • participation
  • initiation
  • etc.

86
SNAP and SPAN
  • space
  • space-time
  • substances
  • SPQR entities (including functions)
  • processes

87
Gene Ontology
  • Cellular Component Ontology subcellular
    structures, locations, and macromolecular
    complexes
  • examples nucleus, telomere SNAP-INDEPENDENT
  • Molecular Function Ontology tasks performed by
    individual gene products
  • examples transcription factor, DNA helicase
  • SNAP-DEPENDENT (SPQR)
  • Biological Process Ontology broad biological
    goals accomplished by ordered assemblies of
    molecular functions
  • examples mitosis, purine metabolism SPAN

88
Special role of formal relations
  • Only they are represented by predicates in the
    first-order logic representation of our ontology
  • But what are formal relations?

89
A hypothesis (first rough version)
  • Formal relations are those relations which are
    not captured by either SNAP or SPAN
  • because they traverse the SNAP-SPAN divide
  • they glue SNAP and SPAN entities together

90
  • This generates a first list of formal relations,
  • e.g. dependence,
  • but we find some of these relations also within
    SNAP or within SNAP

91
The idea (modified version)
  • Formal relations are the relations that hold
    SNAP and SPAN entities/ontologies together
  • and analogous relations
  • they come for free, they do not add anything
    to being they are links between categories

92
ExampleIndividuation, segmentation
93
Substances
  • tokens separated by bona fide boundaries
  • form natural kinds, types
  • (universals, species genera)
  • separated by bona fide boundaries

94
Processes
  • Process tokens merge into one another
  • Process kinds merge into one another
  • few clean joints either between tokens or
    between types

95
boundaries are mostly fiat
everything is flux
96
SNAP entities
  • provide the principles of individuation/segmentati
    on for SPAN entities
  • No change without some THING or QUALITY which
    changes

97
ExampleOntological Dependence
  • (SPAN, SNAP) process-gtsubstance
  • The erosion of the rock necessitates the
    existence of the rock
  • (SNAP, SNAP) SPQR-gtsubstance
  • The token redness of the sand necessitates the
    existence of the sand

98
Generating a typology
  • Two main types of formal relations
  • meta-ontological obtain between entities of
    different ontologies
  • intra-ontological obtain between entities of the
    same ontology (intra-SNAP, intra-SPAN)

99
Three parameters
  • - the arity of the relation
  • - the types of the relata, expressed as an
    ordered list, called the signature of the
    relation
  • - the formal nature of the relation

100
Principal Signatures
  • In the binary case
  • SNAP-SNAP
  • - (SNAPi, SNAPi), i i
  • - (SNAPi, SNAPi), i lt j, i gt j
  • SPAN-SPAN
  • SNAP-SPAN
  • SPAN-SNAP

101
Transtemporal relations
  • Examples
  • Genidentity
  • (transtemporal generalization of
    identity/part-whole)
  • Successive causality

102
Genidentity
The such-as-to-have-come-forth-from relation.
Signature SNAPi-SNAPj Cut a chunk of matter in
two, the sum of the remaining pieces is
genidentical to the chunk before cutting
Also SPAN-SPAN? Is there a form of genidentity
among processes?
103
Successive Causality
SPAN-SPAN Process causation One process causes
another process
SPAN-SNAP Causal repercussion A process results
in the modification of a substance (always
mediated by process causation)
SNAP-SPAN Agent causation A substance produces
causally a process
SNAP-SNAP Causal origin One substance is the
causal origin of another (mediated by other
types of causal relations)
104
Successive Causality
SPAN-SPAN Process causation
SPAN-SNAP Causal repercussion
SNAP-SPAN Agent causation
SNAP-SNAP Causal origin
do not apply on all levels of granularity
105
Our main target Temporally extended relations
  • Simultaneous Causality
  • Participation
  • (holds between a substance and a process such as
    an action or a life or history)
  • Realization
  • (holds between SPQR entities and their SPAN
    expressions)

106
Simultaneous causality
  • SPAN-SPAN
  • The rise in temperature causes the
    (simultaneous) increase in pressure
  • (Boyles law)

107
Substance-gtProcess
  • PARTICIPATION
  • (a species of dependence)

108
Participation (SNAP-SPAN)
  • A substance (SNAP) participates in a process
    (SPAN)
  • A runner participates in a race
  • A voter participates in an election

109
Axes of variation
activity/passivity (?agentive)
direct/mediated benefactor/malefactor
(?conducive to existence) MEDICINE
110
SNAP-SPAN
Participation
Perpetration (agentive)
Influence
Patiency (-agentive)
Initiation
Termination
Facilitation
Perpetuation
Hindrance
Mediation
111
Perpetration
  • A substance perpetrates an action (direct and
    agentive participation in a process)
  • The referee fires the starting-pistol
  • The captain gives the order

112
Initiation
  • A substance initiates a process
  • The referee starts the race
  • The attorney initiates the process of appeal

113
Perpetuation
  • A substance sustains a process
  • The singer sings the song
  • The charged filament perpetuates the emission of
    light

114
Termination
  • A substance terminates a process
  • The operator terminates the projection of the
    film
  • The judge terminates the imprisonment of the
    pardoned convict

115
Influence
  • A substance (or its quality) has an effect on a
    process
  • The steepness of the slope affects the movement
    of the troops
  • The politicians influence the course of the war

116
Facilitation
  • A substance plays a secondary role in a process
    (for example by participating in a part or layer
    of the process)
  • The catalyst provides the chemical conditions
    for the reaction
  • The traffic-police facilitate our rapid progress
    to the airport

117
Hindrance, prevention
  • A substance has a negative effect on the
    unfolding of a process (by participating in other
    processes)
  • The drug hinders the progression of the disease
  • The strikers prevent the airplane from departing

118
Mediation
  • A substance plays an indirect role in the
    unfolding of a process relating other
    participants
  • The Norwegians mediate the discussions between
    the warring parties

119
Patiency
  • Dual of agentive participation
  • John kisses Mary (John agent)
  • Mary is kissed by John (Mary patient)

120
Signatures of meta-relations
SNAP Component
SPAN Component
Processuals
Substances
Processes
SPQR
Events
Space Regions
Space-Time Regions
121
Signatures of meta-relations
SNAP Component
SPAN Component
Processuals
Substances
Processes
SPQR
Events
Space Regions
Space-Time Regions
122
Signatures of meta-relations
SNAP Component
SPAN Component
Processuals
Substances
Processes
SPQR
Events
Space Regions
Space-Time Regions
123
Signatures of meta-relations
SNAP Component
SPAN Component
Processuals
Substances
Processes
SPQR
Events
Space Regions
Space-Time Regions
124
2nd Family
  • REALIZATION

125
Signatures of meta-relations
SNAP Component
SPAN Component
Processuals
Substances
Processes
SPQR
Events
Spatial Regions
Space-Time Regions
126
Realization (SPQR-gtprocess)
  • The most general relation between a dependent
    (SPQR) entity and a process
  • The power to legislate is realized through the
    passing of a law
  • The role of antibiotics in treating infections
    is via the killing of bacteria

127
Realization (SNAP-SPAN)
  • the execution of a plan, algorithm
  • the expression of a function
  • the exercise of a role
  • the realization of a disposition

128
SPQR entities and their SPAN realizations
  • plan
  • function
  • role
  • disposition
  • algorithm

129
SPQR entities and their SPAN realizations
  • execution
  • expression
  • exercise
  • realization
  • application
  • course

SPAN
130
Material examples
  • performance of a symphony
  • projection of a film
  • expression of an emotion
  • utterance of a sentence
  • application of a therapy
  • course of a disease
  • increase of temperature

131
SNAP-gtSPAN
  • Participation
  • Substance -gt Process
  • Realization
  • SPQR -gt Process

132
SPAN -gt SNAP
  • Involvement

133
SPAN -gt SNAP
Involvement
Creation
Sustaining in being
Degradation
Destruction
Blurring
Demarcation
134
Involvement
  • process -gt substance
  • (sometimes the converse of participation)
  • Races involve racers
  • (but not always)
  • Wars involve civilians

135
Creation
  • A process brings into being a substance
  • The declaration of independence creates the new
    state
  • The work of the potter creates the vase

136
Sustaining in being
  • A process sustains in being a substance
  • The circulation of the blood sustains the body
  • Levying taxes sustains the army

137
Degradation
  • A process has negative effects upon a substance
  • Eating sugar contributes to the deterioration of
    your teeth.
  • The flow of water erodes the rock

138
Destruction
  • A process puts a substance out of existence
  • The explosion destroys the car
  • The falling of the vase on the floor breaks it

139
Demarcation
  • A process creates (fiat or bona fide) boundaries
    of substances.
  • The signing of the treaty establishes fixed
    borders between the two nations
  • The tracing of the area of operation by the
    surgeon defines a boundary, the incision
    performed by the surgeon yet another one

140
Blurring
  • A process destroys boundaries of substances
  • The military stand-off creates the no man's land
  • The successful transplant obliterates the
    boundary between original and grafted tissue

141
Process -gt SPQR
Qualitative projection
Creation
Continuation
Destruction
Degradation
142
Qualitative Projection
  • A warming process yields a rise in temperature
  • The tenure process yields a rise in Johns status

143
Creation
  • A process brings into being a dependent entity
  • The accident reshapes the car.
  • The baking of the clay gives the vase its
    rigidity and color.

144
Continuation
  • A process sustains the existence of an SPQR
    entity
  • The firing of the fireworks maintains the
    coloration of the sky
  • The intake of alcohol sustains the rosiness of
    his cheeks

145
Degradation
  • A process affects a substance's quality or
    status by lowering its degree
  • The opening of the window diminishes the
    temperature in the room

146
Destruction
  • A process destroys/changes an SPQR entity
  • The accident destroys the car's shape
  • The burning of the vase destroys its color
  • The demotion relieved him of his rank as an
    officer

147
Varieties of projection
  • Warming process ? series of temperature qualities
  • qualitative projection
  • Process ? temporal interval
  • temporal projection

148
Spatial Projection
  • A process occurs in a given place or area
  • The Revolution took place in Paris
  • The wind blows beyond the 24th parallel

149
Starts in / ends at (spatial projection of
process boundaries)
  • A process begins/ends at a location
  • The race started in Paris
  • The race ended in Roubaix

150
SNAP-SPAN
Participation
Perpetration (agentive)
Influence
Patiency (-agentive)
Initiation
Termination
Facilitation
Perpetuation
Hindrance
Mediation
151
SPAN-SNAP
Qualitative projection
Creation
Involvement
Continuation
Destruction
Degradation
Creation
Sustenance
Degradation
Destruction
Blurring
Demarcation
152
The idea (a closer approximation)
  • Formal relations are those relations which are
    not captured by either the SNAP or the SPAN
    ontology
  • either because they traverse the SNAP-SPAN
    divide
  • or because they traverse the granular divide

153
Types of Formal Relation
  • Intracategorial
  • Mereological (part)
  • Topological (connected, temporally precedes)
  • Dependency (e.g. functional ?)
  • Intercategorial
  • Inherence (quality of)
  • Location
  • Participation (agent)
  • Dependency (of process on substance)
  • Transcendentals
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