Organic / Biochemistry Chemistry of Life!

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Organic / BiochemistryChemistry of Life!

• Biology
• Chapter 2
• Carbon Compounds in Cells!

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Subatomic parts

• PROTONS Positive charged particles
  found in the nucleus of an atom.
• NEUTRONS neutral charge (no charge)
  particles found in the nucleus.
• ELECTRONS Negative charged particles found
  outside the nucleus of the atom.
• These determine which elements interact with each
  other!

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ELEMENTS

• Pure substance made of the same type
  atoms.
• Periodic Table of the Elements over 100 pure
  substances found in the universe
• Hydrogen has 1 proton and 1 electron.

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BONDS

• Ionic Bonds When two ions are attracted by
  opposite charges (they either DONATE or TAKE an
  electron).. Ex Salt
• Sodium ion Na -----Chlorine ions Cl-
• NaCl

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Bonds Cont.

• Covalent Bonds When electrons are shared
  between atoms (These are called COMPOUNDS!)
• Compounds are 2 different atoms that are bonded
  together
• Ex Sugar/Glucose Molecular compound C6H12O6

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Bonds Cont.

• Hydrogen Bonds Opposites Attract (positives
  and negatives)

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COMPOUNDS / MIXTURES

• COMPOUNDS 2 or more different elements
  bonded together.
• MIXTURE Two or more substances NOT bonded
  together.
• SOLUTION A mixture of two or more substances
  evenly distributed throughout.

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POLAR MOLECULES

• A molecule that has a positive / negative side.
  Ex water
• H H
• O

Thus ions and other polar molecules dissolve
easily in water and non-polar molecules like oils
float on the surface.
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ACIDS AND BASES

• ACID A solution with many hydrogen ions PH
  0-6
• BASE A solution with many hydroxide ions
  .. PH 8-14

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2- Divisions within Chemistry

• 1. Organic Chemistry - The study of the chemical
  reactions involving the carbon atom! Ex -
  plastics, petroleum, synthetics
• 2. Inorganic Chemistry- non - carbon chemical
  reactions.Ex- Salts, metals

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Why is the Carbon Atom so reactive??

• Carbon has an atomic number of 6..
• 6-protons
• 6-neutrons
• 6-electrons
• 2 electrons in the first energy level and 4 in
  the outer energy level!
• Thus it can bond with up to 4 other atoms!

• Carbon can bond with itself into long chains or
  into ring

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Hydrocarbons..HC

• Methane - CH4.
• Ethane - C2H6.
• Propane - C3H8..
• Butane - C4H10..
• Octane - C8H18..
• Long chains of hydrocarbons provide fuel for our
  bar-b-ques, lighters, automobiles,
  and trucks, as well as many are found in living
  substances!!

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Biochemistry

• The carbon compounds relating to life..
• Many carbon chains fold back upon itself to form
  flexible rings!
• The arrangement of these rings can encourage
  various types of bonding!

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Functional Groups found in Biological Compounds-

• . Methyl-(CH3) found in fats oils, waxes
• . Hydroxyl- (-OH)sugars and alcohol
• .Carboxyl- ( HOCO) ..sugars, fats, amino acids
• Amino- (-NH2)Amino acids and proteins
• Phosphate- (-PO4)phospholipids, DNA,RNA

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4 - Molecules of Life!!

• 1. Carbohydrates- sugars and starches!
• 2. Lipids- fats, oils and waxes!
• 3. Proteins - meat, poultry, eggs, soy
• 4. Nucleic Acids- building blocks for DNA-your
  genes!!

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CARBOHYDRATES- the watered carbons

• Composed of C, H, and O..with a 21 ratio of H
  to O!
• 3-types of Carbohydrates
• 1.Monosaccharides
• These are the buildimg blocks for larger
  carbohydrates!
• Formula C6H12O6
• Ex-glucose, fructose, galactose

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Carbohydrates continued.

• 2. Disaccharides
• A short chain of a few monosaccarides bonded
  together !!
• Formula C12H22O11
• Only two bonded together makes up a disaccharide!
• Ex Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

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Carbohydrates.cont...

• 3. Polysaccharides-
• Many monos bonded together forming a very long
  chain!
• Ex- starch, cellulose, and glycogen

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Condensation / Hydrolysis

• Condensation - When two molecules bond together
  releasing one molecule of water during the
  process!
• C6H12O6 C6H12O6
• -------------gtC12H22O
  11 H2O
• Hydrolysis - When a long chain of molecules are
  broken apart requiring water to separate !
• C18H32O16 2H2O --------gt
• C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6

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PROTEINS..

• The most diverse biological molecule of life! -
• Examples - muscles, feathers, cartilage, enzymes,
  steroids, hormones.
• The basic structural unit of protein is the
  Amino Acid!
• These are bonded by condensation forming long
  chains of polypeptides! ( proteins)

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How are proteins structurally different??

• There are 20 different common amino acids needed
  for good health!
• The Basic structure of the Amino Acid is
• H
• Amino Carboxyl
• Group C Group
• R- Group

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LIPIDS.

• LIPIDS- serve as the main reservoir of stored
  energy!
• Also a major component of cell membranes!
• The basic Building Block of a lipid is the
  
  Fatty Acid-
  usually a nonpolar molecule!

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Fatty Acid Structure

• A Fatty Acid molecule is a long chain of ----CH2-
  CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3
• Attached to the front end is a CARBOXYL
• H-O
• CO
• H-C-H ( beginning of fatty
  acid chain)

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Lipids cont.

• Saturated fats - Long chain of fatty acids with
  only single bonds!
• Unsaturated fats- long chains of fatty acids with
  a few double bonds on the hydrocarbon chain!
• Polyunsaturated fats- Many double bonds on the
  hydrocarbon chain!

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Neutral Fats - TRIGLYCERIDES

• Butter, lard and oils are examples !
• Three fatty acid chains bonded to a GLYCEROL
  molecule!
• H
• H - C - OH fatty acid chain
• H - C - OH fatty acid chain
• H - C - OH fatty acid chain
• H
• Just under the skin, adipose tissue stores
  lipids for energy and insulation!

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PHOSPHOLIPIDS

• Two fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol and a
  phosphate group!
• This causes the molecule to have a polar head
  and two non-polar tails!
• This is the main component of the cell
  membrane!!!!

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• O H O
• O -P-O ---- C - OH- HO-C - CH2- CH2-
  CH3
• O O
• H - C - OH- HO-C - CH2-
  CH2- CH3
• H - C - OH-
• H

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NUCLEIC ACIDS

• Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic
  acids!
• Two important nucleic acids are
• DNA 2 strands twisted together
• RNA 1 strand of nucleotides

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DNA and RNA

• These two molecules are essential for survival!
• DNA forms into genes and chromosomes directing
  the entire chemistry of the cell!
• RNA produced from DNA directs the making of
  proteins within the cell!

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ATP.

• ATP - adenosine phosphate is the main energy
  transfer molecule within the cell!

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Nucleotide structure

• NH2
• 
  C
• 
  HC N
• 
  HC CO
• 
  N
• O
• HO-P-O-CH2 C
• O C
  C
• C
  C
• OH
  H
• 
  .el fin.