MULTI-CORE

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MULTI-CORE
technology
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AGENDA
Processor Overview
Speed Vs Performance
Multi-Core Processors
The Architecture
Pros Cons
Examples
Future
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Processor Overview

• A single chip package that fits in a socket. Each
  processor chip integrated with a no. of
  transistors.
• 1 core (not much point in lt1 core)
• Cores can have functional units, cache,
  etc.associated with them
• Cores can be fast or slow
• Shared resources
• More cache
• Other integration memory controllers, high-speed
  serial links, etc.

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Processor Diagram
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Processor History.
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Moores Law

• "The number of transistors and resistors on a
  chip doubles every 18 months." By Intel
  co-founder Gordon Moore regarding the pace of
  semiconductor technology. He made this famous
  comment in 1965 when there were approximately 60
  devices on a chip. Proving Moore's law to be
  rather accurate, four decades later, Intel placed
  1.7 billion transistors on its Itanium chip.

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Speed vs. Performance
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The New Era Multi Core Processors

• A multi-core CPU (or chip-level multiprocessor,
  CMP) combines two or more independent cores into
  a single package composed of a single integrated
  circuit (IC), called a die, or more dies packaged
  together.
• A multi-core microprocessor implements
  multiprocessing in a single physical package.
  Multi-core architecture has a single processor
  package that contains two or more processor
  "execution cores," or computational engines, and
  deliverswith appropriate softwarefully parallel
  execution of multiple software threads.

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Continued.

• Cores in a multi-core device may share a single
  coherent cache at the highest on-device cache
  level (e.g. L2 for the Intel Core 2) or may have
  separate caches (e.g. current AMD dual-core
  processors). The processors also share the same
  interconnect to the rest of the system.
• The operating system (OS) perceives each of its
  execution cores as a discrete processor, with all
  the associated execution resources.
• Each "core" independently implements
  optimizations such as superscalar execution,
  pipelining, and multithreading

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Continued.

• A dual-core processor contains two cores and a
  quad-core processor contains four cores.
  Dual-core processors are the first step in the
  transition to multi-core computing.
• Intel is already conducting research on
  architectures that could hold dozens or even
  hundreds of processors on a single die
• By enabling energy-efficient performance and
  more-efficient simultaneous processing of
  multiple tasks, multi-core processors promise to
  improve user experiences in both home and
  business environments.
• Multi-Core is the future of computing

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Architecture
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Working.

• Single-core processor
• Multi Core processor

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Core Components

• Functional units
• Superscalar is known territory. Diminishing
  returns for adding more functional blocks.
  Single-threaded architectural performance is
  pegged
• Data paths
• Increasing bandwidth between functional units in
  a core makes a difference. Such as comprehensive
  64-bit design.

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Core Components.

• Pipeline
• Deeper pipeline buys frequency at expense of
  increased cache miss penalty and lower
  instructions per clock. Shallow pipeline gives
  better instructions per clock at the expense of
  frequency scaling. Max. frequency per core
  requires deeper pipelines
• Cache
• Cache size buys performance at expense of die
  size. Deep pipeline cache miss penalties are
  reduced by larger caches.

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Advantages

• Increased computing Capabilities
• Multi-core processors allow to complete today's
  computing tasks more efficiently and will enable
  entirely new computing experiences, and the
  benefits apply to server and client platforms, as
  well as the home and enterprise environments.
  Multi-core capability can enhance user
  experiences in multitasking environments, namely,
  where a number of foreground applications run
  concurrently with a number of background
  applications such as virus protection and
  security, wireless, management, compression,
  encryption and synchronization.

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Advantages..

• Higher Performance
• First with multiprocessor platforms and then
  with Hyper-Threading Technology¹ (HT Technology),
  which was introduced by Intel in 2002 and enables
  processors to execute tasks in parallel by
  weaving together multiple "threads" in a
  single-core processor. But whereas HT Technology
  is limited to a single core using existing
  execution resources more efficiently to better
  enable threading, multi-core capability provides
  two or more complete sets of execution resources
  to increase overall compute throughput.

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Advantages..

• The digital home Business
• With ever-growing numbers of networked PC and
  consumer electronics devices, will increasingly
  depend on the multitasking capabilities of
  multi-core processors to handle the demands of
  orchestrating the different networked TVs,
  stereos, cameras, and other devices and
  appliances in the household. Multi-core is also
  taking gaming to a whole new level, and will also
  make multiparty gaming ubiquitous. Tomorrow's
  computers will be powerful enough to run
  multiparty gaming and collaboration on their own.
  

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Advantages..

• Quality software development
• Leading software vendors and corporate
  developers to enable multithreaded code that can
  take full advantage of the increased capabilities
  of multi-core processors. As a result, we've
  established extensive multithreading tools,
  education resources, and experience-based
  technical expertise that have helped drive
  thread-optimization across a wide range of
  applications

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Limitations

• Adjustments to the existing software
• In addition to operating system (OS) support,
  adjustments to existing software are required to
  maximize utilization of the computing resources
  provided by multi-core processors. Also, the
  ability of multi-core processors to increase
  application performance depends on the use of
  multiple threads within applications. For
  example, most current video games will run faster
  on a 3 GHz single-core processor than on a 2GHz
  dual-core processor (of the same core
  architecture)

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Limitations..

• Thermal management
• Integration of a multi-core chip drives
  production yields down and they are more
  difficult to manage thermally than lower-density
  single-chip designs. From an architectural point
  of view, ultimately, single CPU designs may make
  better use of the silicon surface area than
  multiprocessing cores, so a development
  commitment to this architecture may carry the
  risk of obsolescence.

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Examples

• Intel Processors
• Pentium D
• Presler
• Yonah
• Montecito
• Paxville
• Dempsey etc
• AMD Processors
• AMD Opteron
• AMD Turion
• AMD Sempron etc..

Examplegtgtgt
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Comparison
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Past...PresentFuture
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Thank You