Endocrine organs and Disorders

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Endocrine organs and Disorders
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Pituitary Gland

• Lies deep in brain, attached to hypothalmus
• Anterior pituitary adenohypophysis (gland)
• Tropic hormones stimulates another endocrine
  gland to secrete hormone
• Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) thyroid
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) adrenal
  cortex
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ovarian
  follicles
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- ovulating hormone
• Growth hormone promotes normal growth
• Prolactin lactogenic hormone (breast
  development for lactation)

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Disorders of AP

• Growth hormone
• Hypersecretion gigantism,
• Acromegaly, hyperglycemia
• Hyposecretion dwarfism
• Prolactin
• Hyper inappropriate lactation in men and
  non-nursing women
• Hypo insufficient lactation in nursing women

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Posterior pituitary

• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) reabsorption of
  water from urine in kidney to blood, decrease
  urine volume
• Oxytocin stimulates contraction of smooth
  muscle of uterus, initiate and maintain labor,
  stimulates milk letdown

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Disorders of PP

• ADH
• Hyper abnormal water retention
• Hypo diabetes insipidus elimination of too
  much urine dehydration
• Oxytocin
• Hyper increase milk flow
• Hypo prolonged labor

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Hypothalmus

• Produces ADH and oxytocin (PP only releases them)
• Releasing hormones stimulates Anterior
  pituitary to release hormones
• Inhibiting hormones Inhibits anterior pit.
  release of hormones
• Hypothalmus functions in nervous and endocrine
  systems dominant role in regulation of many
  body functions body temp, appetite, thirst

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Thyroid

• Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) speed
  up cells release of energy from foods, stimulate
  cellular metabolism
• Calcitonin maintains homeostasis of blood
  calcium, decreases the amount of calcium in the
  blood, act on bone to inhibit its breakdown,
  therefore calcium does not move out of bone.

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Thyroid disorders

• Hyperthyroidism, increase metabolic rate, lose
  weight, restless, excessively active
• Exophthalmus protruding eyes
• Graves disease inherited, hyperthyroidism,
  bulging eyes
• Hypothyroidism under secretion of TH
• Goiter low intake of iodine, enlargement of
  thyroid to compensate for lack of iodine
• Cretinism low metabolic rate, retarded growth
  and sexual development
• Myxedema lessened mental and physical vigor,
  weight gain, loss of hair, accumulation of mucous
  fluid (eyes)

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Parathyroid glands

• Posterior of thyroid, Usually 4, small
• parathyroid hormone increase concentration of
  calcium in blood (opposite of calcitonin) fig.
  11-12
• Hyper hypercalcemia
• Hypo - hypocalcemia

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Adrenal Glands top of kidneys

• Adrenal cortex outer part, corticoids
• Mineralocorticoids, MCs aldosterone
• Control mineral salts in blood (increase sodium,
  decrease potassium)
• Glucocorticoids (cortisol, hydrocortisone)
• Maintain normal glucose concentration and blood
  pressure
• Sex hormones

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Adrenal Medulla

• Inner portion of adrenal gland
• Epinephrine, Norepinephrine secreted during
  stressful situations, works with sympathetic
  nervous system (adrenaline)

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Adrenal disorders

• Hypersecretion of GCs usually because of a
  tumor Cushing syndrome
• Moon face, buffalo bump due to redistribution of
  body fat, can remove tumor
• Hypersecretion in inner zone sex hormones
  called androgens, results in secondary sex
  characteristics
• In women, caused by virilizing tumor
• Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex - Addison disease
  muscle weakness, low blood sugar

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Pancreatic islets islets of Langerhans

• Scattered among pancreatic cells in pancreas
• Glucagon increases the blood glucose
  concentration
• Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration
  by moving it out of the blood
• Hypersecretion - hypoglycemia
• Hyposecretion - type 1 diabetes mellitus high
  glucose levels in blood
• Type 2 diabetes abnormality of insulin receptors

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Additional endocrine glands

• Ovary
• Ovarian follicles estrogen, feminizing hormone
• Corpus luteum progesterone
• Testes
• Testosterone masculinizing hormone
• Thymus in mediastinum, contains WBCs
• Thymosin several hormones that play in
  important role in the development and function of
  the bodys immune system

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More endocrine glands

• Placenta temporarily produce hormones
• Chorionic ganadotropins (pregnancy test
  indicators), estrogen, progesterone
• Pineal gland near 3rd ventricle in brain
• Melatonin regulates puberty and menstrual cycle
  in females
• 3rd eye optic nerve, increase at night,
  internal clock and sleep cycle, supplements help
  to sleep
• SAD seasonal affective disorder high levels