African Nationalism

1
African Nationalism

• SS7H1 The student will analyze continuity and
  change in Africa leading to the 21st century.
• a) Explain how the European partitioning across
  Africa that resulted from the Berlin
  Conference contributed to conflict, civil war,
  and to artificial political boundaries?
• b) Explain how nationalism led to independence in
  South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria.
• c) Explain the creation and end of apartheid in
  South Africa and roles of Nelson Mandela and F.
  W. de Klerk.
• d) Explain the impact of the Pan-African
  movement.

2
Vocabulary - Nationalism

• Loyalty to ones nation a sense of national
  consciousness exalting one nation above all
  others and
  placing primary
  emphasis on promotion
  of its culture
  and
  interests.

3
Important People and Groups

• Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana
• Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya
• African National Congress
• Nelson Mandela of South Africa
• F.W. DeKlerk of South Africa
• Marcus Garvey of the US

4
The Berlin Conference and the Partitioning of
Africa

• At the conclusion of the Berlin Conference in
  1896, Africa had been divided among the European
  nations in the following manner

5
Different tribes and ethnic groups often those
who were enemies were thrown together for the
convenience of the European rulers.
6
Catalyst to Change

• There was little change in the dark continent
  until the World Wars. These were the catalyst
  that brought about change on the African
  continent.
• 1) During the wars, native Africans had fought
  beside their colonial bosses, defending against
  Nazi and Fascist forces in Libya, Ethiopia, and
  throughout Europe. They were equal partners on
  the battlefield. How could they be expected to
  be less than equal in times of peace?

7
A Weakened Europe

• 2) Colonial powers of Britain and France lost
  prestige during World War II as the United States
  and the USSR (Soviet Union) developed into the
  new superpowers.
• The old European powerhouse was no longer seen
  as unbeatable.

8
The Atlantic Charter

• 3) The Atlantic Charter created by Franklin D.
  Roosevelt (US) and Prime Minister Winston
  Churchill (GB) in 1941 had stated that their
  principle in fighting World War II was to
  "respect the right of all peoples to choose the
  form of government under which they will live."
• Many colonized people, especially the educated
  African, wondered why this should not apply to
  them, and they wanted that freedom.

9
Economic Growth and Urbanization

• 4) During the war, Africa benefited from demand
  in Europe for its exports. By the end of World
  War II, Africa had experienced considerable
  economic growth and social change. In greater
  numbers people were moving to cities
  (URBANIZATION).
• They were building roads and harbors and more
  extensive rail and telegraphic networks. (Do you
  recall the term we have learned for this?)
• Africans were participating in this economic
  growth and benefiting from it, and they wanted to
  have a voice in maintaining and increasing their
  prosperity.

10
Nationalist Movements

• Ghana (Gold Coast)
• Kenya
• Nigeria
• South Africa

11
Left or Right?Marxist or Capitalist?

• Some who favored independence believed in free
  enterprise, profits and incentives. Others hated
  capitalism. One of the Leftist (communist)
  supporters was Kwame Nkrumah, a man educated in
  Christian missionary schools and graduated from
  an American university. Nkrumah returned to the
  Gold Coast (later Ghana) after World War II and
  joined the independence movement there.

12
Ghana Under Nkrumah

• In 1949 Nkrumah formed his own communist
  political party. In 1956, after strikes and
  protests, Ghana won its independence.
• Nkrumah nationalized businesses and took over
  land (command economy). Soon businesses began to
  fail. Currency values fell so low that a loaf of
  bread cost a day and half of minimum wage labor!
  There was a thriving black market and a
  government full of corruption. For example,
  Nkrumahs close colleague, Krobo Eduisei, owned
  twenty-seven houses and a gold bed, while people
  were dying of starvation.

13
Ghanas Government Today

• Ghana was the first sub-Saharan country to gain
  its independence.
• Today Ghana is a
  constitutional democracy, where
  the president and parliament are
  elected by direct
  vote of the
  people.

14
Eastern Africa - Southern Ethiopia

• Mursi Tribe of Ethiopia Labret (lip extensions)

15

• Kenya is renowned for the famous Serengeti
  animal reserves. But lack of political stability
  has hurt the tourist economy.

16
Kenya

• Located in the hills of the Great Rift, Kenya
  offered choice lands for colonial settlement.
  Many Kenyans thought that, during the colonial
  period, the British had taken over their land
  unfairly, so a group of them started a secret
  society called the Mau Mau, who believed the only
  way to regain their lands was through force.
• Though the British defeated the Mau Mau by 1954,
  there was much native bloodshed, and support for
  the organization among Kenyans continued. In all,
  it was estimated that about 10,000 died in the
  various uprisings.
• The British eventually helped the Kenyans set up
  democratic institutions and hold democratic
  elections.
• Jomo Kenyatta was elected president in 1963.
• Kenya is a republic, but for some periods has
  considered only one political party legal.

17
Kenya Today

• Kenyatta ruled the country for 15 years, then in
  1969 Daniel arap Moi took over and declared Kenya
  a single party state, and the government remained
  under tight autocratic control until 2002.
• There have been months of violence that accompany
  elections, and Kenya is known for graft (misuse
  of public funds) and corruption at every level.
• Kenya also suffered severe droughts in the early
  2000s, as well as falling prices on cash crops of
  tea, coffee, and horticultural products. Cash
  crops are those grown for money, as opposed to
  subsistence crops, used to feed or sustain
  individual farmers.
• Per capita GDP is 1800 literacy rate 85.

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KenyasCompeting Panoramas
19
Economics Standards
SS7E1 The student will analyze different economic
systems. a. Compare how traditional, command,
and market economies answer the economic
questions of (1) what to produce, (2) how to
produce, and (3) for whom to produce. b.
Explain how most countries have a mixed economy
located on a continuum between pure market and
pure command. c. Compare and contrast the
economic systems in South Africa and Nigeria.
SS7E3 The student will describe factors that
influence economic growth and examine their
presence or absence in Nigeria and South Africa.
a. Explain the relationship between investment
in human capital (education and training) and
gross domestic product (GDP). b. Explain the
relationship between investment in capital
(factories, machinery, and technology) and
gross domestic product (GDP). c. Explain how
the distribution of diamonds, gold, uranium, and
oil affects the economic development of Africa.
d. Describe the role of entrepreneurship. .
20
Nigeria and Adjacent Countries
21
Nigerias Government

• Nigeria had been a part of the British Empire
  through the end of the 19th
  Century.
• Following World War II, in response to the growth
  of Nigerian nationalism and demands for
  independence, successive constitutions legislated
  by the British government moved Nigeria toward
  self-government by continually increasing
  Nigerian representation in government and by
  building a federal democracy.
• By the middle of the 20th century, as the great
  wave for independence was sweeping across Africa,
  a series of constitutions after World War II
  granted Nigeria greater autonomy with full
  independence in 1960.
• Following 15 years of military rule, a new
  constitution was adopted in 1999, and a peaceful
  transition to civilian government was completed.

22
Nigerias Government Today

• Though both the 2003 and 2007 presidential
  elections suffered legal challenges and violence,
  Nigeria is currently experiencing its longest
  period of civilian rule since independence. The
  general elections of April 2007 marked the first
  civilian-to-civilian transfer of power in the
  country's history.
• Federal republic The president serves a four
  year term, and like the bicameral (2 houses)
  legislature, is elected by popular vote.

23

• Ethnic Groups Nigeria, Africa's most
  populous country, is composed of more than 250
  ethnic groups the Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba and Igbo
  are the most populous and influential, comprising
  about 68 of the population.
• Religions Muslim 50, Christian 40,
  indigenous beliefs 10
• Literacy Rate (estimated) total
  population 68 male 75.7 female 60.6
  (May be lt42)
• Less than 1 per year of GDP spent on education!!
  

Nigerias People
Language Map showing some of the more than 500
Nigerian language groups.
24
Nigerias Economy

• Nigerias economy has been based almost
  completely on petroleum exports since its
  discovery in the Niger delta in 1956. The
  government has controlled and wasted those oil
  revenues through corruption and mismanage-ment.
  In recent years, they have been trying to form
  democratic institutions.
• Nigeria is Africas biggest petroleum producer
  and a member of OPEC. Petroleum represents 95 of
  Nigerias exports (with 51 going to the US)!
  Cash crops of cocoa and rubber make up the other
  5.
• However, 70 of the people are engaged in
  agriculture with a per capita GDP of
  only 2,200.
  Unemployment rate is 28!
• Who seems to be in
  charge and who
• is benefiting most in
  this economy?

25
Nigerias Hope for Progress

• In 2003, Nigeria began to deregulate and
  privatize the countrys 4 oil refineries. Nigeria
  is trying to shed the command economy for a
  market economy however, there is a very small
  group of people who are becoming wealthy from
  this, and the rest of Nigeria is falling into
  poverty.
• Nigeria needs to invest in human resources and
  education in order to progress. Currently Nigeria
  invests less than 1 of the GDP on education.
• Nigeria must diversify the economy and depend
  less on petroleum, alone, as her chief source of
  revenue in order to benefit her population.

26
Compare Nigerias Resources and Economic Activity
Maps toNigerias Population Centers
http//www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/nigeria.html Maps
from Univ. of Texas Perry Casteneda Library
Where do people choose to live and why?
27
Nigerias Other Top Issues

• Refugees from Liberias civil war
• IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons) from communal
  Muslim-Christian violence
• Improvement of infrastructure, such as roads and
  bridges
• Illicit drugs a transit point for heroin and
  cocaine intended for European, East Asian, and
  North American markets consumer of amphetamines
  safe haven for Nigerian narcotraffickers major
  money-laundering center massive corruption and
  criminal activity.

28
What is Money Laundering?

• Money Laundering simply means that dirty
  (illegal) money is made clean
  (legal).
• Techniques became well-developed and refined
  during Al Capones Prohibition era.
• Usually involves transferring illegal money
  through several countries so no one knows where
  it originated.
• Criminals disguise where money really came from,
  as it would be seized by law enforcement if the
  true source (drugs, weapons, prostitution,
  terrorism, white collar crime) were revealed.

29
South Africa
30
Why South Africa Is Such a Prize
http//www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/south_africa
_ind_1979.jpg
31
Why do people live where they do?
32
Europeans Come to South Africa

• South Africa had been settled by both the English
  and the Dutch, with Dutch farmers founding the
  Cape Colony as far back as the 1600s to provide
  provisions for the Dutch East India Companys
  trading fleets.
• In the 19th century, Great Britain took over the
  Cape, and the Boers (Dutch farmers) moved inland,
  establishing the republics of Transvaal and the
  Orange Free State. As Europeans trekked further
  inland, they fought native Zulu populations for
  land.
• The discovery of diamonds and gold in these lands
  in the mid 1880s resulted in an English invasion
  which sparked the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). The
  British combined all the European provinces,
  pushing the Dutch even further northward. The
  descendents of these Dutch farmers became the
  nucleus of the National Party responsible for
  beginning South African Apartheid.

33
South Africa
34
Apartheid

• Literally means separateness in Afrikaans
  or apartness a system of legal racial
  segregation of whites and non-whites enforced by
  the National Party government of South Africa
  between 1948 and 1994.
• It was an attempt by the
  minority to hold onto their
  land and maintain
  power.

35
Beginning of Apartheid

• Starting in 1948, the Nationalist Government in
  South Africa enacted Apartheid Legislation to
  define and enforce segregation.
• For example, the Group Areas Act of 1954, forced
  different residential areas for different races
  and forced removal of those already living in
  restricted areas. There was forced separation in
  public buildings
  and transportation.

36
The Bantu Acts

• The Bantu Authority Act of 1951 established black
  homelands where blacks were forced to live.
• The Bantu Education Act of 1953 compiled a
  curriculum that suited the nature and
  requirements of the black people. In order to
  prevent Africans from receiving an education that
  would lead them to aspire to positions they
  wouldn't be allowed to hold in society. Instead
  Africans were to receive an education designed to
  provide them with skills to serve their own
  people in the homelands or to work in laboring
  jobs under whites.
• Bantu Homelands Citizens Act of 1970Compelled
  all black people to become a citizen of the
  homeland assigned to their ethnic group,
  regardless of whether they'd ever lived there or
  not, and removed their South African citizenship,
  and of course any rights they would have as
  citizens of South Africa.

37
Typical Homeland
38
Pass Laws

• These were the most despised part of the
  Apartheid structure. The Pass Laws Act of 1952
  required black South Africans to carry a pass
  book, or dompas, everywhere and at all times.
  These were similar to a passport, but contained
  extensive information fingerprints, photograph,
  personal details of employment, permission from
  the government to be in a particular part of the
  country, qualifications to work in an area, and
  an employer's reports on worker performance and
  behavior.
• If a worker displeased an employer, the worker
  could be endorsed out of an area without reason
  or explanation. Family members of a worker who
  was endorsed out would also be evicted.
  Forgetting to carry the dompas, misplacing it, or
  having it stolen rendered one liable to arrest
  and imprisonment. Each year, over 250,000 blacks
  were arrested for technical offenses under the
  Pass Laws.

39
The Hated Pass Book
40
African National Congress

• In 1912, the African National Congress (ANC) was
  formed to defend the rights of all African
  peoples.
• For about 35 years, the ANC was convinced that
  there could be a peaceful road to equality and
  rights.
• In 1960, the ANC was declared an illegal
  organization and was forced to go underground. In
  1961, they were left with no other choice but to
  take up arms against the white African government
  by forming an underground group called Umkhonto
  to sabotage public buildings.
• Nelson Mandela was a member of Umkhonto, was
  picked up, and spent 18 years in prison for his
  involvement with the ANC.

41
Wearing Down Apartheid

• Despite the efforts of the ANC, the apartheid
  system continued to grow stronger.
• In the 1970's, increasing prices made it more
  difficult to survive on small incomes. Strikes
  broke out and workers walked away from jobs
  demanding higher wages.
• The Party had taken funding from the black
  schools and forced closure of the mission schools
  so that only 1 in 5 Soweto children attended
  school. Then in 1974, a law was passed ordering
  all native children to be educated in Afrikaans
  and English. Afrikaans was the language of the
  hated Dutch minority. In June of 1976, 10,000
  students engaged in peaceful protest against the
  use of the Afrikaans language at schools.

42
(No Transcript)
43
Soweto Uprisings

• The Soweto uprising or Soweto riots were a series
  of clashes in Soweto, South Africa on June 16,
  1976 between black youths and the South African
  authorities. The riots grew out of protests
  against the policies of the National Party
  government and its apartheid regime.
• Feeling threatened, police opened fire on the
  students. This led to an uprising that spread to
  other parts of the country. In the end, over 1000
  blacks were dead, most killed by police.

44
Soweto Slums of Johannesburg

• This is how Soweto, a former township from the
  days of apartheid, looked in the late 1970s
  (Soweto SOuthWEstTOwnship). Today Soweto is the
  most populated urban area in South Africa, with
  close to 3 million people. It boasts the largest
  public hospital in the world, an active cultural
  life, and the early home of Nelson Mandela. Today
  many lovely homes have been built here, and the
  area is a center for black culture.

45

At traffic circle, a memorial to students killed
in 1976
Hector Peterson, first victim of the police
action in Sharpeville Massacre in 1960
46
External Pressure to End Apartheid

• Following the Sharpeville massacre, the United
  Nations placed an oil and arms embargo on South
  Africa. An embargo is a type of trade barrier
  prohibiting trade with a certain country. The
  goal is to isolate that country and put its
  government into a difficult economic situation.
  It is a type of political pressure often used to
  force a country to discontinue certain behaviors.

47
The End of Apartheid

• As resistance to apartheid continued to grow, a
  state of emergency was declared in some parts of
  South Africa in July of 1985. It lasted for six
  months and eventually led to the declaration of a
  national state of emergency in June of 1986. This
  national state of emergency continued through
  1990.
• In February of 1990, the Apartheid regime was
  forced to officially
  recognize the ANC and try to solve South Africa's
  problems peacefully.
  
• At the 1991 National Conference of the ANC,
  Nelson Mandela was elected president. On May 10,
  1994 he was inaugurated as the first black
  President of South Africa.
• The ANC is currently the leading party in the
  Government of National Unity in South Africa.
•  

48
Nelson Mandelaand RobbenIsland Prison

• During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to
  the struggle of the African people. I have fought
  against white domination, and I have fought
  against black domination. I have cherished the
  ideal of a democratic and free society in which
  all persons live together in harmony and with
  equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope
  to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it
  is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.

49
Frederick W. de Klerk

• F.W. deKlerk was the last Nationalist South
  African white president deKlerk ended the system
  of apartheid. He then became deputy president
  with first black president, Nelson Mandela for
  two years. Both shared the Nobel Peace Prize.

50
A New Day for South Africa and the World
51
South Africas People

• Ethnic Groups black African 79, white 9.6,
  colored 8.9, Indian/Asian 2.5
• Religions 80 Christian, 15 none, 1.5
  Muslim, plus other
• Literacy Rate
• total population 86, both male and female
• 5.4 GDP spent on education

52
South Africas Government

• The Republic of South Africa is a federal
  constitutional democracy with a three-tier system
  of government, much like we have in the United
  States. The national, provincial, and local
  levels of government all have legislative and
  executive authority of their own. The
  Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land, as
  in the US.
• There are three capitals executive in Pretoria,
  legislative in Cape Town, and judicial in
  Bloemfontein.

South Africa National Assembly in Capetown, South
Africa
Unity in Diversity
53
South Africas Economy

• South Africa has developed from an agrarian into
  a modern industrial state since World War II.
• Today, the economy is well-diversified and the
  country is capable of producing a wide range of
  consumer and investment goods. South Africa
  produces one fifth of the entire production of
  the African continent.
• The mining industry still plays a prominent part
  South Africa is the worlds largest producer and
  exporter of gold, and platinum, as well as other
  metals and minerals, machinery and equipment.In
  recent years the government
  has privatized many industries,
  
  as it moves toward a market
  economy.

54
South Africas Two Economies

• Africa has a two-layered economy. The formal
  market economy described on the previous slide
  can easily compete with any other developed,
  industrialized country. The other informal
  economy has the basic infrastructure of a
  developing country, showing very uneven
  distribution of income and wealth. Only recently
  has there been the beginning of a black middle
  class, the sign of real economic progress.
• The average per capita GDP is 10,400 per year,
  but unemployment rate is over 20 in poorer
  areas such as Soweto, unemployment is at 60!

55
The Brain Drain

• In the past several years, South Africa has
  suffered from Brain Drain or human capital
  flight, which is a large emigration of
  individuals with technical skills or knowledge,
  normally due to conflict, lack of opportunity,
  political instability, or health risks.
• Brain drain is usually regarded as an economic
  cost, since emigrants usually take with them the
  part of their training sponsored by the
  government.
• It is estimated that 150,000 educated individuals
  (specialists in health care, technology, etc.)
  leave Africa each year. This is devastating to
  the poor majority that lose doctors, nurses,
  scientists, teachers, etc., and threatens the
  overall future of the country, particularly one
  with an AIDS prevalence rate of over 20.

56
African Diaspora

• Diaspora dispersion, literally scattering of
  seeds refers to people of similar ethnic
  identity who leave or are forced to leave a
  settled area for example, the Jews or
  slaves from Africa.
• People of African origin living outside the
  continent Africans and their descendants who
  live throughout the world.

57
Pan Africanism

• A movement, which seeks to unify both native
  Africans and the African Diaspora, as part of a
  "global African community."
• A political movement that calls for all African
  countries to be politically united (the root word
  pan means all).

58
Pan Africanism

• In the early 1900s, a movement was started to
  secure equal rights, self-government,
  independence, and unity for African peoples.
• Inspired by Marcus Garvey, it encouraged the
  study of African history and culture.
• Several African nationalist figures, such as
  Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) and Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya)
  pushed for autonomy and independence of all the
  African countries.
• With independence, however, most African
  countries became more focused on their own
  competing national interests than on the
  interests of the continent, as a whole.

59

• Marcus Garvey1887 1940
• Pan Africanism
• Born in Jamaica, Marcus Garvey formed his early
  ideas of black separatism under the island's
  caste system. In 1914, he formed the Universal
  Negro Improvement Association to promote black
  self-reliance. Garvey moved to the U.S. in 1916
  and spread his beliefs with his Negro World
  newspaper. His paper and ideas were very
  successful, but he never achieved his dream of
  blacks being reunited in Africa.

60
South Africa Snapshot

• PCGDP 11,000
• Unemployment 24
• People living under
• Poverty Line 50!!!
• HIV/AIDS rate 18
• Literacy Rate 86
• South Africa also supports about 90,000 refugees
  and asylum seekers from the DRC, Somalia,
  Zimbabwe, and Burundi.
• Worlds largest market for illegal meth!

61
Vocabulary

• Imperialism a stronger country taking over a
  weaker country.
• Coup detat a forceful, usually military take
  over of a country.
• Refugee People who leave their country to go to
  another country to escape a horrible condition
  such as famine, war, religious or persecution.
• IDPs People who are forced to relocate in
  their country.

62
Vocabulary continued

• Money Laundering Passing money through several
  different businesses or banks to make it appear
  legal.
• Subsistence Agriculture Growing enough crops to
  barley support your own family.
• Nationalism A strong support of patriotism in
  ones own country.
• Embargo A economic ban on trade to force a
  country to change how they do something.

63
Vocabulary continued

• Nationalize a term used when a government takes
  over a business.
• Apartheid A Dutch Boer term meaning apartness
  or separation of races.
• Federal The type of government that has layers
  of powers or responsibilities.
• Catalyst Something that causes a change.

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Conflict and Change The student will understand
that when there is conflict between or within
societies, change is the result.

• Essential Questions to Discuss
• 1) How did European partitioning of Africa
  contribute to conflict, civil war, and to the
  creation of artificial political boundaries?
• 2) How did nationalism lead to independence in
  Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa?
• 3) How was apartheid created and dissolved in
  South Africa? What are the long lasting effects?
• 4) What role did Nelson Mandela and F. W. deKlerk
  play in the end of apartheid?
• 5) What is the impact of the Pan-Africa movement
  on the continent of Africa? What was the role of
  Marcus Garvey?
• 6) Discuss the buzz words for market and
  command economy and their meaning.