Chair Professor Chin-Chen Chang

1
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• Chair Professor Chin-Chen Chang
• Feng Chia University
• National Chung Cheng University
• National Tsing Hua University
• http//msn.iecs.fcu.edu.tw/ccc

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2
Data Embedding
Secrets
Internet
Sender
?Steganography - prison problem ?Reversible
data hiding - Medical image - Military
image -Quality and capacity
Receiver
3
Magic Matrix
F(p1, p2) (1p1 2p2) mod (2n1)
p2
n2, F(2, 3)3
255
0
1
2
3
4
0


s1
0
1
2
3
4
4
3
0
1
2
3
4
3
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
4
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
4

0
0
p1
255
0
1
2
3
4
Zhang, X. P. and Wang, S. Z., Efficient
Steganographic Embedding by Exploiting
Modification Direction, IEEE communications
letters, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1-3, Nov., 2006.
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Data Hiding Using Sudoku (1/8)

• Spatial domain data embedding
• Sudoku
• A logic-based number placement puzzle

5
Data Hiding Using Sudoku (2/8)

• Property

• A Sudoku grid contains nine 3 3 matrices, each
  contains different digits from 1 to 9.
• Each row and each column of a Sudoku grid also
  contain different digits from 1 to 9.

Possible solutions 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960
(i.e. 6.6711021)
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Data hiding using Sudoku (3/8) Review Zhang and
Wangs method (Embedding)
Extracting function
8 7 9 4
79 54 55 11
20 21 12 24
12 10 10 9
Secret data 1000 1011
p2
255
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
10002 1 35














11
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
2

10
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
0
Cover image

9
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
3

8
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
1

2
7
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
3
4
0
4

7 7 10 4



6
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
2

5
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
0

4
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
2
3
4
3
1

3
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
1

2
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
4

1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
2

0
1
2
3
4
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
0
Stego image
p1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
255

Magic Matrix
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Data hiding using Sudoku (4/8) Review Zhang and
Wangs method (Extracting)
p2
7 7 10 4



255
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1














11
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
2

10
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
0

9
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
3

8
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
1
Stego image

7
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
4

6
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
2

5
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
0

4
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
3

3
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
1

2
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
4

1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
2

0
1
2
3
4
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
0
p1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
255

Magic Matrix
8
Data hiding using Sudoku (5/8)
- 1
Reference Matrix M
9
Data hiding using Sudoku (Embedding) (6/8)
8 7 11 12
79 54 55 11
20 21 12 24
12 10 10 9
Secret data 011 001 10
Cover Image
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Data hiding using Sudoku (Embedding) (7/8)
8 7 11 12
79 54 55 11
20 21 12 24
12 10 10 9
Secret data 011 001 10
Cover Image
11
Data hiding using Sudoku (Extracting) (8/8)
9 7 9 14



Stego Image
Extracted data 279 011 0012
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Magic Matrix
t bits per pixel pair
r F(pi, pj) ((t-1) pi t pj ) mod t2
Duc, K., Chang, C. C., A steganographic scheme
by fully exploiting modification directions,
Technique Report of Feng-Chia University.
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Color retinal image
Segmented image
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Wet Paper Coding
Key
Fridrich, J. Goljan, M., Lisonek, P. and Soukal,
D.,  Writing on Wet Paper, IEEE Transactions on
Signal Processing, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 3923-
3935, 2005   
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Wet Paper Coding (2/2)
The important area is marked as wet pixel
21
30
30
Cover Image
Random Matrix
LSB of Cover Image
Secret Data
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Wet Paper Coding with XOR Operation
Key
Eight groups
31, 35, 31, 32, 34, 35, 33, 32, 33,
35, 35, 33, 33, 34, 32, 32
Secrets 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
At least one dry pixel
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Secret Extracting
LSB(30) 0 LSB(35) ?LSB(31) ? LSB(33) 1 LSB(34)
?LSB(35) ?LSB(33) 0 LSB(33) 1 LSB(32)
0 LSB(35) ?LSB(34) 1 LSB(33) ?LSB(33) ?LSB(35)
1 LSB(32) ?LSB(33) 1
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Proposed Scheme (1/6)
Key

• Three types
• Restricted Pairs of Wet Pixels (RPW)
• - Non-restricted Pairs of Wet Pixels (NRPW)
• - Pairs of Dry Pixels (DP)

Embeddable
S 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 0, 0
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Proposed Scheme (2/6)
(p1, p2) (31, 35), n2
S3
(p1', p2') (33, 35)
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Proposed Scheme (3/6)
S1
(p1, p2) (31, 32), n2
(p1', p2') (31, 31)
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Proposed Scheme (4/6)
(p1, p2) (33, 32), n2
S2
(p1', p2') (34, 32)
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Proposed Scheme (5/6)
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r F(pi, pj) ((t-1) pi t pj ) mod t2
t2
4
1
5
3 6
7
S 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 0, 0
2
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Experimental Results (1/3)
t 3 (304 Kb) PSNR 46.93
t 2 (192 Kb) PSNR 56.18
Cover Image
t 4 (384 Kb) PSNR 44.96
t 6 (496 Kb) PSNR 38.72
t 8 (576 Kb) PSNR 34.58
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Experimental Results (2/3)
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Experimental Results (3/3)
3 Fridrich, J., Goljan, M., Lisonek, P. and
Soukal, D., Writing on wet paper, IEEE
Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 53, no.
10, pp. 3923-3935, 2005.
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Conclusions

• A novel steganographic technique with the fully
  exploiting modification (FEM) is proposed for
  digital images.
• The experiments confirm that our proposed scheme
  can achieve the goals of high capacity and good
  visual quality.