Psyc 3533 Midterm 2 review

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Psyc 3533 Midterm 2 review
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Sex Hormones

• Endocrine glands
• Secrete hormones internally (Bloodstream)
• Hormone
• Complex chemical
• Specific actions for specific organs
• Exocrine glands
• Secrete externally (aweat glands)

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Sex Hormones

• Hypothalamus
• Controls pituitary
• Dual function
• As a gland
• Reacts to hormonal levels in the bloodstream
• As a part of the CNS
• Reacts to higher brain functions (perceptions,
  thoughts, feelings, moods)

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Testosterone

• Bound and free
• Men
• 95 bound, not active for sexual desire
• 5 free
• Women
• 97-99 bound
• 1-3 free

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Testosterone

• Amount needed varies in individuals of both
  sexes. Women more sensitive.
• More testosterone does not produce more sexual
  desire

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Testosterone

• Additional testosterone has adverse effects
• Men
• Hair loss
• Salt and fluid retention
• Possible testicular cancer
• Acne
• Digestive problems
• Irritability and aggression

• Women
• Facial and body hair
• Muscle mass
• Smaller breasts
• Larger clitoris
• Voice deeper

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Gestational Development of Genitals

• First seven weeks
• Undifferentiated
• 2 gonads
• 2 sets of ducts (Mullerian and Wolffian)
• 7th week
• Y chromosome turns gonad into testicle

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Gestational Development of Genitals

• 10th-11th week
• Absence of Y chromosome ovaries develop.
• Both types of gonads start producing their
  respective hormones.
• Female
• Absence of testosterone causes degeneration of
  Wolffian ducts
• Mullerian ducts form internal sex organs

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Gestational Development of Genitals

• Male
• Testes produce anti-Mullerian hormone, so they
  disappear
• Wolffian ducts become internal sex organs

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Gestational Development of Genitals

• Tubercle, folds and swelling develop into
  external genitals for each sex
• The default model is female
• In the absence of any step to go to the male
  model, the child will be female

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MENSTRUATION

• Onset
• Menarche
• Mean age 12.6
• 1900
• Mean age 16
• Diet changes increases in body fat
• 20-36 days is normal range
• Lasts until Age 45-55

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MENSTRUATION
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MENSTRUATION
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MENSTRUATION
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MENSTRUATION
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MENSTRUATION

• Changes in cervical mucus during cycle
• Regular functions of mucus
• Lubrication
• Bacteriostatic
• pH regulation
• It is cloudy, whitish, thick

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MENSTRUATION

• Ovulatory cervical mucus
• Days 12-16 of cycle
• Transparent
• Very stretchy, like raw egg white
• Functions
• To help sperm
• Regulating pH (normal to alkaline)
• Sugars
• Conveyor

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MENSTRUATION

• Toxic Shock Syndrome
• Presence of staphilococcus aureus (ubiquitous)
• Particularly when using tampons
• Can be fatal
• Dioxin
• Bleaching chemicals
• Used in sanitary products
• Powerful carcinogen
• Can affect hormones
• Immunosuppressant
• Endometriosis

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MENSTRUATION

• Anovulatory cycles
• Adolescents and menopause (climacteric)
• Amenorrhea
• The absence of a menstrual period in a woman of
  reproductive age
• After menopause

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MENSTRUATION

• Dysmenorrhea
• Painful menstruation
• Prostaglandins
• Hormone-like
• Secreted by uterus
• Cause uterine contractions
• Endometriosis
• Endometrium grows outside uterus
• Dysmenorrhea is a symptom

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MENSTRUATION

• PMS
• Unhealthy diet
• No exercise
• Smoking
• Endometriosis

Negative expectations
Anxiety
Physical symptoms
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Pregnancy

• Prenatal period
• Nine months
• Three trimesters
• Perinatal period
• From beginning of labour to 72 hrs. postpartum

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Conception

• Requires the following
• Adequate sperm count
• Changes in vaginal mucus
• Open Fallopian tubes
• Normal ovulation
• Normal hormonal levels

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Infertility

• Most common reason for infertility
• STDs in both men and women
• Lead to infertility
• Blocked Fallopian tubes or vas deferens

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Pregnancy

• Stages of uterine development
• Zygote
• 1-14 days
• Embryo
• 3-8 weeks
• Fetus
• 9-40 weeks

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Reproductive Technologies

• Artificial Insemination
• Introducing sperm into womans vagina or uterus
  by artificial means
• in vitro fertilization (IVF)
• Test tube or Petri dish used to mix gametes
• Once dividing, surgically implanted into womans
  uterus

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Prenatal Diagnosis

• Tests for chromosomal abnormalities and fetal
  infections
• Amniocentesis
• 11-14 weeks
• Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
• 6-8 weeks

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Physical and Psychological Changes During
Pregnancy

• 1st trimester
• Enlarged, tender breasts
• Amenorrhea
• Nausea (? severe,? mild, ? none)
• Sleepiness (?)
• Aversion to some foods, odors
• Increased urinary frequency (hormonal)
• Mixed emotions, ambivalence, anxiety and
  exhilaration

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Physical and Psychological Changes During
Pregnancy

• 2nd trimester
• Quickening
• Initial motion of the fetus in the uterus
• As it is perceived by the pregnant woman
• Increased girth and well-being
• Mostly positive outlook, energy
• Preparatory behaviors, prenatal classes
• Some who rejected pregnancy accept it

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Physical and Psychological Changes During
Pregnancy

• 3rd trimester
• Large abdomen, awkward
• Difficulty turning over in bed
• Lost sleep due to
• Frequent urination (weight of uterus on bladder)
• Activity of fetus
• Anxiety increases (delivery, birth defects)
• Differences between fit and unfit women

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Physical and Psychological Changes During
Pregnancy

• Possible pregnancy complications
• Edema
• Hypertension
• Gestational diabetes
• Proteinuria
• Threatened early labor

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Physical and Psychological Changes During
Pregnancy

• Male
• Economic worries
• Feeling left out
• Couvade
• Experiences some of the same symptoms and
  behavior as the mother near the time of labor
• Actual changes in hormonal levels
• Before birth, more prolactin and cortisol
• After birth, less testosterone

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Teratogens
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Teratogens

• Smoking
• CO
• 200 times more affinity to Hgb than oxygen
• Oxygen supply compromised (5 less)
• Decreases sperm motility
• Lower fertility
• Less progesterone
• Miscarriages
• Placental problems
• Higher morbidity and mortality
• From 9/1000 to 33/1000
• Higher rates of cleft palate and hare lip

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Teratogens

• Alcohol
• FASD (fetal alcohol spectrum disorder)
• Brain abnormalities
• learning difficulties
• ADDH
• Mental retardation, etc.
• Possible damage to eyes, ears, immune system,
  internal organs, joints, limbs
• Low birth weight
• Increased prematurity, miscarriage and stillbirth
  risk

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Teratogens

• Alcohol
• FASD (fetal alcohol spectrum disorder)
• Growth retardation
• Facial and cranial malformations
• Dose and timing related
• No safe dose
• There is no cure for FASD
• Leading cause of preventable mental retardation

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Teratogens

• Maternal Diseases
• Rubella
• Toxoplasmosis
• CMV
• Radiation
• High temperature (hot bath)
• Environmental Pollution
• Phthalates
• Drugs
• Prescription
• Thalidomide
• Recreational
• Interactions

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Teratogens

• Maternal stress
• Acute or chronic (worse)
• Adrenaline, corticosteroids
• Compromise oxygen supply for infant
• After birth
• Digestive problems
• Low birth weight
• Irritability

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Teratogens

• Maternal age
• No more obstetrical complications (if healthy)
• Increased Downs syndrome
• Other effects of these variables
• Affect maternal-infant interaction
• Abuse
• Neglect
• Rejection

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Maternal Nutrition

• First trimester
• Usually not an issue
• Second trimester
• Quality
• Third trimester
• Quality and quantity
• Folic acid
• Prevents neural tube defects (spina bifida)

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Maternal Nutrition

• Infant Optimal Weight
• 7½ - 8 lbs. (European stock)
• Low Birth Weight
• 5½ lbs. or 2,500 g
• Montreal Diet Dispensary
• 500 extra daily calories
• 1 qt. milk
• 1 egg
• 1 orange

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Birth

• LABOUR
• Fetal hormone signals moms hypothalamus
• Produced when fetal lungs ready to breathe
• Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary
• Pituitary secretes oxytocin
• Oxytocin makes uterus contract
• Labour begins

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Labour

• First stage
• Early first stage
• Longest (hours or days)
• Mild contractions, relatively short
• Relatively large intervals
• Late first stage
• Shorter than early stage
• Contractions longer and at much shorter intervals
• Transition
• Shortest
• Most intense
• Random pattern of contractions.
• All along, cervix dilating and effacing
  (thinning)

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Labour

• Second stage
• Cervix fully dilated (10 cm)
• Baby moves down birth canal
• Crowning
• Duration
• Primiparas
• About 1 hr.
• Multiparas
• Faster
• Head first, rotation

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Labour

• Third stage
• After 10-15 min interval
• Expulsion of placenta
• During interval between stages 2 and 3
• Lungs start to work gradually
• Cord delivers last of maternal blood to infant
• Heart valves close
• Cord must not be cut until white and not pulsing

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Labour

• POSITIONS FOR LABOUR
• Lithotomy Position
• Weight of uterus and its content on abdominal
  aorta
• Can cause reduced blood flow to fetus
• Slows down labour
• Importance of gravitys help

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Labour

• Better Positions
• Sitting up reclined
• Lying on her side
• On hands and knees
• Unmedicated, undisturbed birth best
• 90-95 births do not need intervention.

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RISKS OF INDUCING LABOUR

• Induction of labour with pitocin
• Contractions too hard
• Lead to more analgesics and anesthetics
• Uterine rupture and to brain damage (pressure on
  the skull)
• If lungs not ready, leads to respiratory distress
  due to lack of surfactin

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POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS (5-10)

• Placenta previa
• abruptio placenta
• Separation of the normally located placenta
• Transverse or breech presentation
• Prolapsed cord
• Cord pinched or wrapped around neck

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POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS

• All carry risk of hypoxia or anoxia
• Hypoxia
• Reduced oxygen
• Anoxia
• NO oxygen
• Consequences
• Brain damage
• Detectable or subclinical

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Common interventions

• C-section
• Major abdominal surgery
• Possible lack of adrenaline/noradrenaline in baby
• N. American C-sec rates too high
• Pain medication (analgesics and anesthetics)
• Can slow down labour and decrease oxygen delivery
  to baby

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EFFECTS OF ANESTHETICS AND ANALGESICS

• Slow down labour (leading to pitocin use)
• Sluggish baby
• Mother zonked, weak
• Can interfere with bonding
• Can interfere with lactation
• Can interfere with rooming-in

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HUMAN LACTATION

• Mammals perfected milk for their young over
  millions of years of evolution
• Each species has the perfect milk for its own
  young, for optimal adaptation to environmental
  demands
• Chemical composition very varied
• Production of both prolactin and oxytocin respond
  to demand
• More sucking more hormonal output.

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Advantages for infant

• Nutritional
• Smooth adaptation period from intra to
  extra-uterine life
• (Shortened gestation 9 months instead of 12 as
  other primates)
• Species-specific
• Each species has different developmental needs
• Right amounts of the right nutrients

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Advantages for infant

• Nutritional (Contd)
• Non-allergenic
• 100 digestible, no waste
• Bioavailability of nutrients
• Lower renal solute
• unlikely to overfeed due to changing composition
  through a feed
• Lower risk of later obesity
• Brain development

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Immunological advantages

• Fresh antibodies in each drop
• Infant has immature immune system
• Mammary gland makes antibodies in situ when a new
  pathogen appears in the environment
• Lactobacillus bifidus prevents gut colonization
  by harmful bacteria
• Lower morbidity and mortality

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Benefits for lactating mother

• Uterus back to pre-pregnant state due to
  oxytocin-induced contractions
• Contraception
• Breast cancer protection
• Skeletal calcium deposits (lower osteoporosis
  risk)
• Weight loss
• Stress control (hormonal)
• Bonding