A.3 Special Issues in Human Nutrition (Assessment statements)

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A.3 Special Issues in Human Nutrition(Assessment
statements)

• A.3.1 Distinguish between the composition of
  human milk and
• artificial milk used for bottle-feeding
  babies.
• A.3.2 Discuss the benefits of breastfeeding.
• A.3.3 Outline the causes and symptoms of Type II
  Diabetes.
• A.3.4 Explain the dietary advice that should be
  given to a patient
• who has developed Type II Diabetes.
• A.3.5 Discuss the ethical issues concerning the
  eating of animal
• products, including honey, eggs, milk
  and meat.
• A.3.6 Evaluate the benefits of reducing dietary
  cholesterol in lowering
• the risk of coronary heart disease.
• A.3.7 Discuss the concept of food miles and the
  reasons for
• consumers choosing foods to minimize
  food miles.

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Human Breast Milk vs. Powdered Baby Formula

• There are fundamental differences between breast
  milk and powdered formula.
• Powdered formulas are usually made from cows
  milk. The baby formula market is big business.
• Breast milk contains substances that formulas do
  not (the enzymes amylase/lipase), white blood
  cells such as macrophages, antibodies and
  hormones) - (see next slide).
• Human milk has about 50 more lactose than cows
  milk. Additionally, human milk has more
  cholesterol for building new cell membranes and
  nerve cells.
• Some babies are naturally lactose intolerant
  (although very rare). Baby formulas that are
  lactose-free are available. Acquired lactose
  intolerance can develop (are before age 5 and
  unusual before age 10) while secondary lactose
  intolerance can result from some common
  intestinal disorder in babies (this condition is
  far less frequent in breastfed babies).
• The symptoms of lactose intolerance include
  vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and rashes.

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Human Breast Milk vs. Powdered Baby Formula

• In terms of protein, human milk has lower levels
  of protein than cows milk. This is primarily
  because humans do not need to grow as fast as
  calves during the first year of life.
• Human milk contains higher levels of the amino
  acid taurine than in cows milk. Taurine has been
  linked to brain development.
• Milk protein comes in two varieties (1) An
  easily digestible, liquid form called whey and,
  (2) A more difficult to digest, solid form called
  curd (made of a protein called casein).
• Human milk contains 65 whey and 35 casein.
• Cows milk contains 18 whey and 82 casein.
• Animal milk is heat-treated before being
  marketed. This process denatures protein and may
  cause allergic reactions in infants.

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Human Breast Milk Vs. Powdered Milk (Baby Formula)
Breast-Milk Baby Formula (usually made from cows milk)
Colostrum Present. A thick, sticky and yellowish form of milk produced in late pregnancy and the first few days after birth. More info HERE. Colostrum has high concentrations of carbs, proteins, antibodies, macrophages, beneficial bacteria, growth modulators and a mild laxative to clear excess bilirubin and encourage the babys first stool (meconium). Not Present
Antibodies Present in colostrum in high concentrations but low volume. Not Present
Proteins Present in lower amounts than baby formula but is easily digested/absorbed. The enzymes amylase and lipase. Hormones are present. Taurine (amino acid) present in high amountslinked to brain development. Higher concentrations but harder to digest/absorb. Derived from bovine (cow) sources.
Carbohydrates Present. High in lactose. Linked to brain development. Lower in lactose. May come from glucose.
Lipids, Cholesterol Fatty Acids Present. Human fatty acids. Newborns need substantial quantities of lipids and lipid content in breast milk can vary depending on the babys needs. Lipids are required to build phospholipids for new cells and the help build nerve cells. Palm, corn, coconut, soy or safflower oils.
Vitamins and Minerals In lower concentrations than baby formula but easier to absorb. Iron is present but in lower concentrations than baby formula. In higher concentrations, but harder to absorb.
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How to Breastfeed(Caution Some Nudity)
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Scandals
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Arguments for Breastfeeding Over Formula
AREA EFFECT WHO BENEFITS
Immunity Colostrum and early breast milk contain high concentrations of antibodies macrophages, protecting the infant from infections until immunity develops. The Child
Digestive Function Colostrum stimulates digestive tract function of baby and eases defecation. Easier to digest than formula milk. The Child
Cost Breast milk is both free and readily available so long as both mother and child are healthy. The Child
Nutrition More complete than baby formula. Composition of breast milk can change depending on the needs of the baby. The Child
Mother and Child Bonding Aids in mother/child bonding and communication. The Mother Child
The Mothers Health Aids in weight-loss, reduces breast cancer risk,/Type II Diabetes, and post-partum depression risks. The Mother
Continued on Next Page
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Arguments for Breastfeeding Over Formulas
AREA EFFECT WHO BENEFITS
Sleep Some of the proteins in breast milk help to induce sleep in infants. Not present in cow or soy milk. Mother Child
Contamination No need to prepare, wash or sterilize glass or plastic bottles and synthetic nipples, as in the case with infant formula. In the preparation of bottle milk, there is a risk of water being polluted /bottle contamination with bacteria. Child
Allergies The risk of allergies is not present, whereas cows milk in particular carries multiple risks of inducing allergies. Child
Specificity Human milk is species-specific. It is designed to meet a human babys nutritional needs at each developmental stage w/out upsetting the delicate digestive system. The high percentage of whey and lower levels of casein make human milk more digestible than cows milk. The overall lower protein level is better suited to humans. Child
Menstruation Breastfeeding causes the uterus of the mother to return to normal after delivery. It also inhibits the onset of menstrual cycles, acting as a natural contraceptive , encouraging space between babies. The Mother
Nutrients The nutrients in human milk are more easily digestible into the childs blood stream (particularly iron and vitamins. Child
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Post-partum depression
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Arguments Against Breastfeeding

• Breastfeeding can be painful for the mother
  (sensitive or infected nipples). The pain can be
  while the baby feeds or it can be from
  engorgement (the breasts are full of milk).
• Women who carry certain pathogens are advised not
  to breastfeed because of the risk of passing them
  to the child. HIV can be passed from mother to
  child through breast milk. The benefits of breast
  milk would be outweighed by the dangers of the
  virus. EARLY TREATMENT IS SAID TO CLEAR H.I.V. in
  2nd BABY.
• Some cultures do not accept breastfeeding in
  public.
• In exclusive breastfeeding, the father of the
  child may feel left out whereas in bottle
  feeding, he can share a certain bond with the
  child.
• Although some countries have laws which allow the
  mother to take breaks to breastfeed during her
  work day, many countries do not.

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Type II Diabetes

• Type II diabetes is the most common form of
  diabetes worldwide and develops as a result of
  the complex interplay between genetics and .
• (Also known as adult-onset diabetes or diabetes
  mellitus type II or non-insulin dependent
  diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)).
• Type II diabetes results from the body developing
  an insensitivity to insulin over a period of
  years. While it is most common in overweight or
  obese adults over age of 40, it is now being
  observed in overweight children.
• Some groups have a higher incidence of Type II
  diabetes than others (1) Native Australians
  (Aborigines) (2) Native Americans and (3)
  Maoris.

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Type II Diabetes (Animations)
Reminder Beta cells in the pancreas produce
insulin while Alpha cells produce glucagon.
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Statistics and Symptoms(can be mild and develop
over a period of years)

• Symptoms (1) being more thirsty than usual (2)
  urinating more than usual (3) feeling tired and
  fatigued all the time (4) more infections than
  usual (skin infections in particular) (5)
  elevated blood glucose levels and glucose in the
  urine.

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Dietary Advice for Type II Diabetics(gaining
Control of blood Glucose levels)

1. Decreasing body mass and maintaining a healthy
   BMI through exercise and a proper, well-balanced
   diet.
2. Eating foods rich in fiber and complex carbs,
   cutting down on saturated fat. Complex carbs
   release their energy slowly. Fiber allows
   nutrients to be absorbed slowly over time.
3. Eating small, regular meals throughout the day.
4. Eat lots of fresh fruits and vegetables. Low GI
   foods.
5. Exercise.

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The Benefits of Reducing Cholesterol (LDL)

• Cholesterol is an essential component (lipid) of
  the human body. It is considered a steroid and
  often is the basis for various hormones and cell
  membranes.
• There are two main types of cholesterol (HDL vs.
  LDL). High LDL (low-density lipoproteins) levels
  are associated with increased risk coronary heart
  disease. Research has shown that a 10 rise in
  blood cholesterol plasma levels is associated
  with a 30 increase in the risk of death from
  CHD. It appears as though total blood cholesterol
  levels are less important the LDL levels.
• Diets that are high in saturated are linked
  (positively correlated) with high LDL and total
  blood cholesterol levels, along with CHD.
• Cholesterol levels do have a genetic component
  and high cholesterol levels tend to run in
  families.
• High LDL levels promote inflammation and plaques.
  
• Reducing saturated fat consumption and high
  animal product consumption is a first step in
  lowering cholesterol. Diet and exercise are
  critical. Medications may be necessary.

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Cholesterol
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The Importance of Fiber

• Fiber is plant material, made up of the
  polysaccharide cellulose, that cannot be digested
  by the small intestine. Cellulose from plant
  cells walls is the main component of dietary
  fiber (although fungi and crustaceans have cell
  walls made up of the polysaccharide chitin.
• Fiber helps to prevent constipation, by
  increasing the bulk of material in the large
  intestine.
• Fiber might help to prevent obesity by increasing
  bulk in the stomach, reducing the desire to eat.
• Fiber may reduce the risks of appendicitis, colon
  cancer, and hemorrhoids.
• Fiber might slow the rate of sugar absorption,
  helping to prevent and treat diabetes.

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Food Miles

• The term food miles was coined to express the
  distance from where food was produced to where it
  is consumed. The longer the distance food has to
  travel, the greater the environmental impact.

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Food Miles(the controversy)

• Some consumers now refuse to buy foods with high
  food miles, preferring to buy food that is
  local. Other consumers are not concerned about
  food miles and, instead, want continuity of
  supply throughout the year and maximum choice of
  world foods.
• Environmentalists point out that there are other
  energy costs in food production, including the
  use/abuse of cheap labor, pesticides and
  fertilizers, increased air pollution, traffic
  congestion, and release of greenhouse gases.

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Ethical Issues of Meat Consumption

• Many people choose what to eat, based on likes
  and dislikes, availability, choice and cost. Some
  people also have ethical reasons for not eating
  certain foods.
• Background
• Vegetarians do not eat the flesh of any animals
  no red meat, no poultry, and no fish.
• Some vegetarians (vegans) do not eat ANY animal
  products (eggs, milk, dairy, honey) or any
  product that contains animal products.
• For some vegetarians and vegans, vegetarianism
  goes even further . . . They will not wear/use
  leather, fur, wool or silk.

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Ethics of Eating animal Products

• Meat Animals have to be killed to obtain meat,
  usually after rearing them on a farm or In a
  factory.
• Is it right for one animal to take the life of
  another animal to obtain food?
• Is the pain caused to animals during
  transport/slaughter justified?
• Is the suffering of animals reared for meat in
  unnatural and crowded conditions justifiable.
• What are the consequences of land deforestation,
  antibiotic/hormone use?
• Milk Cows and other mammals produce milk after
  giving birth. This milk can be used for human
  consumption if the calf or young mammal is
  separated from its mother soon after birth.
• Is the huge milk production of cows acceptable,
  given that it is associated with health problems
  and a short life expectancy?
• Is the suffering of cows whose claves are taken
  away soon after birth justifiable?
• Is it acceptable to make cows have calves in
  order to stimulate milk production, when these
  calves will only be killed?
• Eggs Most eggs come from hens (female birds)
  that have been specially bread for prolific egg
  production.
• Is it acceptable to breed and keep kens that
  produce far greater numbers of eggs than their
  wild relatives?
• Is the suffering of egg-laying hens kept in
  unnatural conditions justifiablesmall cages or
  large groups.
• Is it acceptable to kill male chicks at 1-3 days
  old because they do not lay eggs.
• Honey Bees are kept alive in hives and surplus
  honey is removed when available.
• Is it justifiable to take honey from bees that
  have stored it for their own use within the bee
  colony?
• Is it acceptable to keep bees in an area where
  the bees will compete with wild insects that
  forage on nectar from flowers?

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The Stats Shocking Facts
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Ethical issues and meat consumption

• Arguments for a Vegetarian Lifestyle
• Killing sentient beings is wrong, especially if
  it is not necessary for survival. Sentient
  means having a nervous system, implying the
  organisms can perceive sensations like pleasure
  or pain.
• Raising animals for the sole purpose of
  slaughtering them for human consumption is wrong.
  
• Intensive livestock production is a wasteful
  industry which misuses valuable resources and
  land.
• Mass production/factory industrial farming uses
  practices that are unnecessarily cruel including
  penning up animals, restricting their movements,
  cutting/burning off beaks, exposing animals to
  artificial light only, transporting them in
  uncomfortable conditions over long distances.
• Arguments Against Vegetarianism
• Farm animals such as cows, sheep, pigs and
  chickens would not exist if not raised for food.
• Without meat production and fishing industries,
  thousands of jobs would be lost.
• Meat and fish can be grown in decent conditions
  as in free-range, free-from-cruelty, and
  organic practices.

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Factory Farming Animation
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Documentaries/LecturesWarning Some of these
videos are Graphic/Disturbing
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Option A Documentaries/Lectures