Outline

1
Outline

• What is cancer? How do people know they have
  cancer?
• How do tumors develop and cancer spread?
• Why are older people more likely to get cancer?
• What regulations do cells have that help prevent
  cancer?
• What are some of the causes of cancer?
• How can ones environment affect their chances of
  getting cancer?
• How Can Chemicals Cause Cancer?
• How can viruses cause cancer?
• Why does one family have a history of cancer?
• What can you and your body do to help prevent
  getting cancer?
• What can you eat to help prevent you from getting
  cancer? Why do these foods help?
• How can my body fight cancer?
• How common is cancer?
• What are some of the common treatments for cancer
  and how do they work?

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What is cancer?
How do people find out if they have cancer?
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Cancer Simplified

• Cells that have gone awry, because the genes
  that help cells follow the rules have mutated.
  Thus they can divide rapidly, start acting like
  other cells and move from where they are supposed
  to stay.

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How do tumors develop and cancer spread?

• http//science.education.nih.gov/supplements/Suppl
  ementsCorrections.nsf/Movies/Cancer_Movies.htm

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Differences between normal and cancerous cell
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Why are older people more likely to get cancer?
Cancer develops step-by-step, across time, as an
accumulation of many molecular changes, each
contributing some of the characteristics that
eventually produce cancer cells.
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What regulations do cells have that help prevent
Cancer?
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Cell Cycle
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Can anyone think of an Analogy for the Cell Cycle?
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Cells maintain strict control over Cell Division

• We have genes in our DNA called tumor suppressor
  genes that code for proteins that interact with
  the molecules cyclin and CDK which are
  controlling the cell cycle at certain checkpoints
  to determine if the DNA is good enough shape to
  proceed to division. If the DNA is damaged in
  anyway it is either repaired or the cell
  undergoes programmed cell death.

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DNA can only replicate once with each cell
divison.

• A cell with to much DNA material does not behave
  correctly so DNA must only replicate once with
  each cycle and each daughter cell must have the
  correct amount of genetic material.

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DNA Damage must be repaired before replication.

• To prevent a cell from having the ability to
  become cancerous, damage must be repaired.

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If a cell fails to pass a checkpoint

• It will undergo programmed cell death, also known
  as apoptosis. This prevents damaged cells from
  dividing and leading to cancerous cells.

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Class Demo
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What are some causes of cancer?
environment (ex sun), chemicals, infection,
genes, toxins etc.
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Cancer has multiple causes

• -mutated tumor suppressor genes
• -mutated cell cycle regulators
• -mutated repair proteins
• -mutated receptor signaling constant division,
  etc.

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How can ones environment affect their chances
of getting cancer?Example UVA and UVB
light exposure By damaging the skins cellular
DNA, excessive UV radiation produces genetic
mutations that can lead to skin cancer.
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How Can Chemicals Cause Cancer?
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By causing DNA Damage

• Chemicals can cause mutations in DNA such as
  missense and nonsense.
• They can cause the bases to stick together in a
  process called dimerization.
• Various chemical modifications.
• Cancer causing chemicals are known as
  carcinogens.

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How can viruses cause cancer?
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Think about it!

• Viruses insert their own DNA into our cells so
  our cells will make more viruses. The viral genes
  that cause cancer activate or over express
  similar human genes that cause the cells to
  exhibit uncontrolled cell divison.

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Cell communication gone awry

• One way viruses have been found to cause cancer
  is through mutated receptors on the cell surface.
  What might the receptor be for?

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Why does one family have a history of cancer?
Heredity-This is the process by which an
offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes
predisposed to the characteristics of its parent
cell or organism.
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Xeroderma pigmentosum

• Autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations
  in genes that code for DNA repair proteins

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Retinoblastoma and RB1
Retinoblastoma is a form of cancer that young
children usually get because of one mutated copy
of a protein called RB1. What must happen for
retinoblastoma to occur?
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Remember we have two copies of a gene.
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• With only one good copy of the gene, all it takes
  is one hit on that gene for the stage to be set
  for retinoblastoma to occur.

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Game Time!

• Game

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What can you and your body do to help prevent
getting cancer?
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Dont Smoke!
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What can I eat to help prevent me from getting
cancer?
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Why do these foods help prevent cancer?
ANTIOXIDANTS Antioxidants are substances that may
protect your cells against the effects of free
radicals. Free radicals can damage cells, and may
play a role in heart disease, cancer and other
diseases.
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How can my body fight cancer?

• The Immune System

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The Immune System
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The Immune System
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The Immune System
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StatisticsHow common is cancer?

• Approximately 6 of 10 people in will have
  children
• 2,3,5,6 stand
• Approximately 3 in 10 of the people in the room
  will be involved in an alcohol-related automobile
  accident sometime in their lifetimes.
• 3 and 6 stand
• Approximately 1 in 3 (or in this case, 2 in 6) of
  the people in the room will develop cancer
  sometime during their lifetimes.
• 1 and 4 stand
• Approximately 25 of the U.S. population who
  will die of cancer.
• ¼ of people standing should sit

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What are some of the common treatments for cancer?
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How does biological therapy work?

• It uses the body's immune system, either
  directly or indirectly, to fight cancer or to
  lessen the side effects that may be caused by
  some cancer treatments.

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How does surgery help?

• Surgery may be used for cancer prevention to
  remove tissue before cancer develops, diagnosis
  to determine if tumor is cancerous or not,
  staging to see how advanced the cancer is, and
  primary treatment to remove cancerous tumors.

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How does chemotherapy work?

• It uses drugs to destroy cancer cells, stop
  cancer cells from spreading, and slow the growth
  of cancer cells. It can be given through an IV, a
  shot into part of the body, a pill or liquid to
  swallow, or a cream to rub on skin.

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How does radiation work?

• It uses high powered x-rays or radioactive seeds
  to damage the DNA and kill cancer cells. Other
  rapidly growing cells may also be damaged in the
  process.