Social Impacts of Industrialization

1
Social Impacts of Industrialization
By Huzefa Moiz Date 12/18/12 Per. 5 AP EURO
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The Factory

• The factory was seen as a symbol of the power of
  steam and of technology in this era of
  industrialization.
• Hundreds of employees carried out their jobs
  under one roof . For example, the average amount
  of workers in Manchester cotton factories was
  three hundred employees.
• Factories in this time period also worked to
  symbolize several things including the power of
  capital and the ability to reconstruct and reform
  cities at impossible speeds.
• Textile factories thrived in this new world
  because of the sheer number of workers that had
  previously worked on weaving and spinning at
  home. A large part of population was attracted to
  this new textile factory business.
• It was risky to invest in factories because of
  all the demands that it provides such as the need
  for buildings, machinery, and raw materials.
• As production (shown to right) increases, so does
  the number of factories

3
Factory Life

• Factory life was brutal in the industrial
  revolution. Workers followed a strict schedule
  and started at either 530 or 600 clock in the
  morning and worked thereafter for 12 hours
  including accumulated meal times and recesses.
• Efficiency of these factories were disrupted by
  the high chance of drunkenness from workers.
  These workers in turn caused problems with the
  machines and the overall running ability of the
  factory.
• High level of drunkenness may have in part led to
  temperance movement
• Insolent behavior resulted in expensive fines
  which could come about from whistling, talking,
  or for flawed work. Sometimes foremen relied on
  whips to discipline the workers.
• Bad etiquette flowing through the workers was
  solely treated through more and more discipline.
• Also terrible pollution from exhaust, smog and
  chemicals from work and machines
• Causes high rate of diseases, especially lung
  (iron lung, coal lung, etc.), in factories

4
Factory Life

• The masters in their crafts were able to maintain
  a higher standard of living in the factories.
• These included masons, tanners, bakers, and
  steam-engine makers who were the main political
  voice in terms of factorial reforms.
• Productive class according to Adam Smith
• Although they fought in the name of factories,
  they were actually referring to their own rights
  because they looked down upon simple factory
  workers.
• Unproductive class
• Their work allowed for improved conditions in
  factories quite significantly through legislative
  acts that regulated working hours and called for
  new codes on hygiene and safety.

5
Differentiation

• Differentiation can be defined as the growth of
  specialization throughout groups and institutions
  and this was quite apparent in the 19th century.
• Social structure changed in that it became less
  relevant. For instance, governmental affairs were
  answered through calculation rather than through
  social status.
• This principle caused the conflicts between
  several aspects of the nation including national
  law or local custom and centralizing
  bureaucracies and local autonomy.
• The appearance of agencies came around this time
  and they managed governmental tasks such as
  collecting taxes and administering welfare.

6
Family and Traditional Roles

• The importance of the family seems to have been
  brought up during the time of the industrial
  revolution and is attributed to a real response
  to stress.
• Families in Europe have always been based upon
  social status.
• The aristocracy was wealthy and tightly connected
  with relatives of similar social class.
• Father holds patriarchal stance at head of family
  that runs things through the family and puts food
  on the table
• Women were still seen as lesser beings, but did
  play a crucial role in foreign affairs.
  Especially those having to do with joining royal
  families.
• Peasants owned land of their own and if their
  estates were large enough they would share it
  with one of their relatives.
• It was also possible for other extended family
  members to live on nearby plots of land.

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The Peasant Life

• Children were held responsible for taking care of
  simpler chores such as tending the livestock. It
  was usually taking care of the smaller animals.
• Men were always occupied because of the grueling
  labor that they had to put up with. They were
  responsible for the heavier lifting and strength
  required jobs.
• Women were able to make considerable strides in
  their own respects. They were often able to make
  excess money by taking up jobs at the mill or in
  domestic services.
• Men traveled long distances to find work and
  these occupations usually included areas such as
  those at the docks, roads, and royal estates.
• Urban population increases dramatically
• Population increases led to children being forced
  out of their homes and sent to nearby towns and
  mills to be employed.

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The Impact of Industrialization

• The middle classes composed of artisans, masons,
  and other masters of crafting arts.
• Benefited most from Industrial Revolution
• Their children were often taught new trades from
  other masters because joining an urban life was
  encouraged if wages permitted.
• Surprisingly, fathers equipped with only
  pre-industrial skills stayed at home and cared
  for household chores while their children and
  wives earned wages.
• Women and children suffered long hours of labor
  and were not really close to reforms because
  sexual barriers did not allow this for many years
  to come.
• Children specifically viewed as burdens on
  families unless put to labor on hard jobs
  unadjusted to their age or ability
• Major social issues of the time comprised of the
  fear of unemployment, household conflicts, and
  the harsh conditions of factory and farm life.

9
Middle-Class Women

• The status of women changed during this time
  period because they actually worked and made
  wages.
• France as compared to other countries saw lower
  to middle class women as possibly more important
  in shops and stores.
• There was a fine line between the middle class
  women and lower class women and the roles of the
  mother and wife signified the social status of a
  women.
• Middle class women were in a stable state in
  which they did not suffer from poverty or from
  the cruel politics of the era.
• Women still did not have full equality as women
  of all classes were obligated to clean dishes,
  wash clothes, and cook meals.
• Only those women who had servants to do these
  chores were free from these obligations.

10
Moral Seriousness

• The occupation of a middle class women as a
  solitary household caretaker was highly honored.
• Women were responsible for the education of their
  children and were at the center of their
  elaborate training to become adults. Childhood
  usually lasted longer in the middle class because
  of the extensive training it took to become fully
  prepared for the world.
• Women of the middle class were shut off from the
  world and there was a lack of independence even
  through some reforms.
• Many were moved by the changes in society and a
  writer named Thomas Bowdler wrote a play based on
  a Shakespearean model describing the new family
  status in society.
• During this time there was a call for higher
  discipline and morality as drunkenness and
  prostitution had reached new levels.

11
Living Conditions

• As seen previously in the past, the standard of
  living for the poor has always decreased when the
  upper and/or middle classes rises.
• Workers could not afford to rebel because they
  heavily relied on their employers to supply the
  small income needed to care for their families.
• Overcrowding was a major issue for the lower
  class. Towns with factories quickly filled up
  with people looking for work and overpopulation
  caused several problems.
• Some of these problems included sewage issues,
  single room houses for an entire family, and one
  unreliable water source for hundreds of people.
• Disease was a recurring problem and spread easily
  in mines and cotton mills where the air was
  unclean and inhaled by the workers everyday.
  Diseases such as tuberculosis spread rapidly in
  this time period.

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Living Conditions

• Employers usually hired around 150 to 300 workers
  who were easily disposed of if new and more
  efficient opportunities presented themselves.
• Bread was the center of a families diet and
  starvation usually followed without it because
  most other foods were too expensive or
  unavailable.
• About a third of the population of men in towns
  were unemployed and this was common during the
  winter.
• Depressions such as those in the 1840s and
  1850s further worsened the situation of the
  lower class.
• Unemployment skyrocketed during the 1860s due to
  the American Civil War and large masses of people
  during that time lived solely off of relief.

13
Purchasing Power

• It might be surprising but some places in Europe
  saw a rise in their overall wages.
• Upper class foods such as meat and sugar became
  somewhat available to the lower classes and
  became definitely available to the middle
  classes, symbolizing their prosperity and overall
  benefit from the Industrial Revolution.
• Reforms in living conditions took place which
  included the use of soap and the wearing of
  cotton underwear.
• Brick construction and the addition of iron pipes
  into buildings allowed for bettering conditions
  of the poor.
• Factories of alcohol questioned whether or not to
  meet the demand for alcohol because of the danger
  of such a high percent of the population being
  frequently drunk.

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Luddites Revolts

• Britain dominated the Industrial Revolution, but
  suffered severe opposition.
• This was revolt in the early 19th century
  concerning the fall of the industrial revolution.
  
• The movement was led by General Ned Ludd and his
  army of redressers who adopted a moral code known
  as luddism.
• Factory owners received threats from this group
  and even some were murdered including William
  Horsfall who owned a large mill near Yorkshire.
• This movement took storm in England and mainly
  involved the destruction of factories and large
  mills.
• The government reacted swiftly and effectively by
  creating laws that incriminated the Luddites and
  by offering money in exchange for information
  concerning the Luddites.

15
Reforms Due to the Industrial Revolution

• Several reforms arose during this period
  concerning factory conditions.
• The main reforms had to do with working hours
  such as the Health and Morals of Apprentices Act
  which called for a maximum of 12 hours of work a
  day and no night shifts allowed.
• Over time the work hours lessened and lessened
  and dropped to 10 hours for men.
• Factory Act (shown to right)
• By the 1840s, children received several reforms
  having to do with working hours and these
  included a six and a half hour working day for
  children under thirteen. Children under age eight
  were not permitted to be hired.
• Factories were encouraged by the government
  because of the new form of economy called
  laissez-faire economics, which encouraged the
  individual entity to be free in the economic
  realm from government intervention.

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Thank You

• Id like to thank you for looking at my
  presentation even if I do get a zero on it.
• I think it is a helpful tool because it
  summarizes my section pretty well and tells the
  viewpoints of the different classes of society
  during the Industrial Revolution.
• Once again thank you for taking the time to look
  at my presentation.