AP European Review

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AP European Review

• The Post-War World

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1. Before 1980, which two countries made serious
(but unsuccessful) attempts to break away from
Soviet control?

1. Hungary and Poland
2. Yugoslavia and Poland
3. Poland and Czechoslovakia
4. China and Hungary
5. Hungary and Czechoslovakia

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2. The Arab oil embargo of 1973

1. led to the high inflation that undercut the
   economies of Europe for the remainder of the
   decade
2. had relatively little impact because fuel
   reserves throughout Europe remained adequate
3. brought about an East-West rapprochement as the
   Eastern Bloc provided much needed coal
4. brought about increased tensions among the
   countries of the European Union
5. led to a dramatic upsurge in the use of
   alternative energy

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3. Following World war II, up to the 1960s,
Europe's population

1. declined due to Cold war conflicts
2. surpassed that of Asia and Africa
3. stagnated with the onset of artificial
   contraception
4. rose because of an increasing birth rate
5. fluctuated depending on the economy

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answers

• 1. E
• 2. A
• 3. D

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4. In the immediate post-World War II period most
Western European states

1. began to scale back on their more generous
   entitlement programs
2. expanded social services only for the poor and
   elderly
3. continued to limit their spending on social
   service programs
4. focused on industrial expansion at the expense of
   social spending.
5. greatly expanded their social service programs
   for all their citizens

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5. Which Western European power experienced the
greatest degree of conflict in its decolonization
efforts after 1945?

1. West Germany
2. Belgium
3. Great Britain
4. The Netherlands
5. France

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6. How did Gorbachev's policies open the way to
changes in the USSR?

1. His perestroika provisions allowed the central
   economy to reorganize its power.
2. Glastnost allowed the government to issue its new
   policies with a clarity that assuaged the
   public's worries.
3. Glastnost was the first time in 70 years that
   Soviet society experienced a liberalization of
   policies.
4. Perestroika underscored the deep problems in the
   economy and threatened traditional economic
   power.
5. Perestroika allowed so many western items to come
   in that the people demanded the same
   possibilities.

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Answers

• 4. E
• 5. E
• 6. D

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7. At the Second Vatican Council, a major goal
for the Catholic Church was to

1. support the overthrow of communism in Eastern
   Europe
2. modernize the church's position on birth control
3. seek reconciliation for the papacy's actions
   during the Holocaust
4. open dialogues with other faiths and modernism
5. elect the first non-Italian pope since the
   fifteenth century

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8. The American policy of containment during the
Cold war involved

1. easing tension with the Soviet Union through
   spheres of influence
2. invading Eastern Europe to liberate that area
   from Soviet oppression
3. halting the spread of communism through a variety
   of means
4. extending economic aid for humanitarian relief
   efforts
5. preventing the spread of Western Europe as a
   competing power

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9. Which issues contributed most to the schism
between China and the Soviet Union?

1. Mao's insistence on a different form of Marxism
2. Chinese stand on Taiwan
3. Soviet repression of the Hungarian revolution
4. Soviet backing of India
5. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

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Answers

• 7. D
• 8. C
• 9. D

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10. Which of the following describes a major
social change in Europe after World War II?

1. Birthrates increased, as states encouraged
   population growth.
2. The standard of living remained at wartime
   levels.
3. Life expectancy decreased for the next several
   decades.
4. Extended families became common, to pool scarce
   resources.
5. The number of workers in scientific fields
   decreased.

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11. In the 1970s one of the biggest threats
facing the Italian government

1. the collapse of the lire
2. the increasing strength of the Italian Communist
   Party
3. the inability to increase industrial output
4. the reemergence of fascism as a political force
5. was the escalation of political terrorism

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12. Which of the following is true of the Second
Vatican Council? 

1. It promoted the ecumenical movement.
2. It authorized the marriage of priests.
3. It reaffirmed the Syllabus of Errors.
4. It was opposed by Pope John XXIII.
5. It decreed that the Mass be said in Latin.

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Answers

• 10. A
• 11. E
• 12. A

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13. Existentialism is a post-World War II
philosophy focusing on

1. opposing the Cold War division of Europe
2. developing a universal code of values
3. the need for revival of religious belief
4. the importance of human choice and responsibility
5. a view of humans as determined by outside forces

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14. Which of the following best describes the
economic policies of Western European governments
after World War II? 

1. a gradual reassertion of laissez-faire economic
   theory
2. nationalization of most industries to provide
   full employment
3. provision for welfare programs such as old-age
   pensions
4. movement toward the command economic model
5. focus on the agricultural sector at the expense
   of industry

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15. The Western European country which stepped
back from the process of European economic and
military unity in the late 1950s and 1960s was

1. West Germany
2. Italy
3. Great Britain
4. France
5. the Netherlands

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Answers

• 13. D
• 14. C
• 15. D

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16. Which of the following accurately
characterizes a major cause of the Cold War?

1. Soviet offers of economic aid to Western Europe
2. the early Soviet monopoly of nuclear weapons
3. disagreements over whether to de-Nazify Germany
4. the superpowers' differing political systems
5. American designs on controlling Eastern Europe

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17. Charles de Gaulle encouraged France to
develop its own nuclear force because

1. the conflict in Indochina would hinge on whether
   the French had nuclear arms.
2. the expense of a nuclear force allowed the French
   to reduce the size of their conventional forces
3. he doubted America's will to use its nuclear
   weapons in times of war.
4. he remained concerned about Soviet intentions
5. he wanted France to still be considered a great
   power

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18. Comparing the results of the two world wars,
which of the following had the most influence on
the development of a cold war?

1. Global economic power dispersed among many
   different regions.
2. The first treaties were too unequal to allow the
   build up of opposing factions.
3. There were few animosities among the winners of
   the Great War.
4. A successful victory led to an inevitable
   rebalance of global political power.
5. No powerful coalition can succeed without an
   opposing group.

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Answers

• 16. E
• 17. D
• 18. D

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19. Which of the following is NOT associated with
the European Union?

1. The European Union standing army
2. immigration issues
3. The European Economic Community
4. The Maastricht Treaty
5. The euro replacing the currency of individual
   countries

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20. The initial reaction of the Russian
government to the fighting that broke out in
Chechnya in the 1990s demonstrated that Russia

1. would defend its remaining republics against
   foreign invasion
2. was unwilling to grant independence to dissenting
   ethnic groups
3. needed the United States' resources to ensure
   stability in the region
4. favored re-establishing communism
5. had little control over its arsenal of nuclear
   weapons

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21. the main purpose of the Treaty of Maastricht
was to

1. adapt a common immigration policy among the
   European Union countries
2. open up the European Union to Russia
3. establish unified military forces to be used with
   NATO
4. create a common currency system and a central
   banking system for the European system
5. negotiate a reduction in tariff with the United
   States

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Answers

• 19. A
• 20. B
• 21. D

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22. In terms of domestic policy, Brezhnev

1. turned the economy away from heavy industry to
   consumer goods
2. expanded Khrushchev's de-Stalinization program
3. reduced military spending.
4. partially re-Stalinized Russia
5. gave greater autonomy to the non-Russian
   minorities in the Soviet Union

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23. All of the following were characteristics of
life during the Brezhnev era EXCEPT

1. lack of consumer goods
2. poor economic production by Soviet industry
3. lack of artistic freedom
4. victory in the war against Afghanistan
5. strict government control by the Soviet
   bureaucracy

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24. Which of the following best characterizes
the impact of the 1968 student revolts in France
on the government of President Charles de
Gaulle? 

1. Political instability forced de Gaulle to
   withdraw France from NATO.
2. De Gaulle was forced to request American aid in
   subduing the revolt.
3. The government and students reached a
   power-sharing agreement.
4. De Gaulle survived the revolt, but growing
   unpopularity led to his resignation.
5. Radical socialists used the event to overthrow
   the Fifth Republic.

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Answers

• 22. D
• 23. D
• 24. D

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25. Milosevic's policy of "ethnic cleansing" was

1. the forced removal of non-Serbian groups from
   Serbian-controlled areas
2. a way to ensure peace throughout Yugoslavia
3. a treaty with the former Soviet Union
4. a way to unite all Serbs and non-Serbs into a
   greater Yugoslavia
5. a plan of attack against his neighboring countries

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26. German unification in October 1990

1. was strongly opposed by the French
2. occurred with remarkably few problems since the
   West Germans had planned for this moment for
   decades
3. led to renewed calls to redraw the post-war
   boundaries of Germany and their Eastern European
   neighbors.
4. was secretly opposed by the United States
5. was achieved at an economic cost far higher than
   expected

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27. In the 1990s governments across Western
Europe have begun to reassess

1. their commitment to providing cradle-to-grave
   social services
2. their commitment to NATO
3. their commitment to the Common Market
4. their need for economic assistance from Europe
5. their over-reliance on imported oil

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Answers

• 25. A
• 26. E
• 27. A