Fossil Fuel Innovation

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Fossil Fuel Innovation

• Professor Stephen Lawrence
• Leeds School of Business
• University of Colorado at Boulder

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National Energy Technology Lab

• Only US National Laboratory Devoted to Fossil
  Fuel Energy Technology
• Enabling domestic coal, natural gas, and oil to
  economically power our Nations homes,
  industries, businesses, and transportation
• While protecting our environment and enhancing
  our energy independence.
• NETL has expertise in coal, natural gas, and oil
  technologies, contract and project management,
  analysis of energy systems, and international
  energy issues.

http//www.netl.doe.gov
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Types of Fossil Fuels

• Petroleum (oil)
• Natural Gas
• Coal
• Oil Shale
• Tar Sands

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Petroleum
http//www.lakesoil.com.au/photo6.jpg
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Drilling for Oil
http//www.umich.edu/gs265/society/fossilfuels.ht
m
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Coal
http//buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/default.asp?
idfownum30
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Coal Mining
Underground Mine
Open Pit Mine
http//pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs004-02/
http//www.ornl.gov/sci/fossil/
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Sulfur in Coal
http//www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylesso
ns/coal/coal_cct2.html
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Natural Gas
www.citypublicservice.com
http//www.energy.gov.ab.ca/222.asp
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Natural Gas Well, Storage, Pipeline
http//www.isgs.uiuc.edu/isgshome/gas_well.jpg
http//www.call-adc.com/justiss/rig54pic.htm
http//www.dom.com/about/gas-transmission/imp/ngp.
jsp
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US Natural Gas Pipeline Network
http//services.unitil.com/fge/bus_natural_gas_equ
ipment.asp
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North American Natural Gas Flows
http//www2.nrcan.gc.ca/es/erb/prb/english/View.as
p?x447oid603
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Tar Sands
http//www.protectowire.com/applications/profiles/
electric_shovels.htm
http//www.aapg.org/explorer/2005/05may/dinning.cf
m
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Oil Shale
http//nandotimes.nandomedia.com/ips_rich_content/
896-shale_rock.jpg
http//geosurvey.state.co.us/Default.aspx?tabid10
4
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Problems with Fossil Fuels/Coal

• Large source of atmospheric pollution
• Create carbon dioxide (CO2) when burned
• Implicated in global warming
• Nitrous oxides (NOx) smog
• Sulfur dioxide (SO2) acid rain
• Measurable amounts of radioactive material
• Naturally present in coal
• More than a nuclear power plant

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Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant
Category Power Plant 100W Light Bulb
Power 500 MW 100 W
Energy / year 3.5 billion kWh 876 kWh
Coal / year 1.43 million tons 714 lbs
Sulfur Dioxide / year 10,000 Tons 5 pounds
Nitrogen Oxides / year 10,200 Tons 5.1 pounds
Carbon Dioxide / year 3,700,000 Tons 1,852 pounds
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Need forClean Coal
http//www.enecho.meti.go.jp/english/policy/coal/i
mages/81.gif
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CO2 Mitigation Options
http//www.netl.doe.gov
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CO2 Mitigation Options
http//www.netl.doe.gov
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Improving Power Plant Efficiency
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Basic Idea of a Power Plant
Steam
Spinning turbine blades and generator
Boiling water
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Conventional Coal Power Plant
http//www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?P
ageID108
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Modern Coal PP Waste Disposal
http//www.ornl.gov/sci/fossil/NewFiles/feaz277.jp
g
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Fluidized Bed
http//www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylesso
ns/coal/coal_cct4.html
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Fluidized Bed Combustion Detail
http//envfor.nic.in/cpcb/newsletter/coal/ccombs.h
tml
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Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combined Cycle
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Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion
http//envfor.nic.in/cpcb/newsletter/coal/ccombs.h
tml
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Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
http//envfor.nic.in/cpcb/newsletter/coal/ccombs.h
tml
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Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Combined
Cycle (PFBC)
http//envfor.nic.in/cpcb/newsletter/coal/ccombs.h
tml
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Supercritical Ultrasupercritical
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Increasing Efficiency with Coal
http//www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?P
ageID24
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Carbon Capture and Sequestration
http//www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v33_2_00/resea
rch.htm
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CO2 Mitigation Options
http//www.netl.doe.gov
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Carbon Capture Storage

• Capture and store emissions of carbon dioxide
• Removed from the exhaust gases of the power
  station
• Stored so as not to enter the atmosphere
• thus reducing global warming.
• Carbon storage is not yet cost-effective
• Required technologies are already proven
• Similar technologies used commercially in food
  and chemicals industry

http//www.worldcoal.org
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Goals of Carbon Sequestration

• Effective and cost-competitive
• Stable, long term storage
• Environmentally benign

http//www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestratio
n
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Carbon Capture

• Absorption (chemical and physical)
• Adsorption (physical and chemical)
• Low-temperature distillation
• Gas separation membranes
• Mineralization and biomineralization

http//www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestratio
n
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Carbon Sequestration Options
http//www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/energy
.html
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Types of Carbon Sequestration

• Geologic Sequestration
• Ocean Sequestration
• Terrestrial Sequestration
• Novel Sequestration Concepts

http//www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestratio
n
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Geologic Sequestration

• Porous rock bodies surrounded by impermeable rock
  are ideal for CO2 storage
• Oil and gas reservoirs
• Inject CO2 to improve recovery
• Coal bed methane
• Inject CO2 into coal seams to extract methane
• Inject into deep saline (salt) formations
• No direct economic benefit

http//www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestratio
n
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Geologic Sequestration
http//www.midcarb.org/Graphics/CO2flooding.gif
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Ocean Sequestration

• Ice-like CO2/H2O (water) hydrates
• Form in the deep ocean at low temperatures and
  high pressures
• Oceans will naturally absorb 80-90 of CO2 in
  atmosphere
• Eventually transferred to deep ocean
• Too slow to prevent CO2 spike in next 100s years
• Research investigating direct injection of CO2
  into the deep ocean

http//www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestratio
n
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Ocean Sequestration
http//www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sea-ca
rb-bish.html
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Terrestrial Sequestration

• Forest lands.
• Below-ground carbon and long-term management and
  utilization of standing stocks, understory,
  ground cover, and litter.
• Agricultural lands.
• Crop lands, grasslands, and range lands
• Emphasis on increasing long-lived soil carbon.
• Biomass croplands
• Increase soil carbon and value-added organic
  products
• Complement to ongoing efforts related to
  biofuels,the
• Deserts and degraded lands
• Restoration of degraded lands significant
  benefits and carbon sequestration potential in
  both below-and above-ground systems.
• Boreal wetlands and peatlands
• Soil carbon pools
• Limited conversion to forest or grassland where
  ecologically acceptable.

http//www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/co
re_rd/storage.html
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Terrestrial Sequestration
Click image for video clip
http//earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/MediaRes
ources/Carbon/global_biosphere.mpeg
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Novel CS Concepts

• Biological systems
• Advanced catalysts for CO2 or CO conversion
• Novel solvents, sorbents, membranes, and thin
  films for gas separation
• Engineered photosynthesis systems
• Non-photosynthetic mechanisms for CO2 fixation
  (methanogenesis and acetogenesis)
• Genetic manipulation of agricultural and tree to
  enhance CO2 sequestering potential
• Advanced decarbonization systems and
• Biomimetic systems.

http//www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestratio
n
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Carbon Sequestration
http//www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestratio
n
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Federal Initiatives
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DOE Vision 21
http//www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems
/vision21/
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DOE Vision 21

• By 2015, develop the core modules for a fleet of
  fuel-flexible, multi-product energy plants that
  boost power efficiencies to 60 percent, emit
  virtually no pollutants, and with carbon
  sequestration release minimal or no carbon
  emissions.
• Wide variety of fuels such as coal, natural gas,
  biomass, petroleum coke (from oil refineries),
  and municipal waste

http//www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems
/vision21/
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Vision 21 Multidisciplinary
http//www.netl.doe.gov/
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Vision 21 Goals

• Efficiencies
• Coal-fueled gt60 HHV
• Gas-Fueled gt75
• Combined Heat Power 75-80 thermal
• Emissions
• Air/Wastes  Zero
• CO2 Zero (with sequestration)
• Costs
• Electricity at market prices

http//www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems
/vision21/
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Vision 21 Technology Roadmap
http//www.netl.doe.gov/
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Vision 21 Power Plant
http//www.netl.doe.gov/
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DOE FutureGen

• FutureGen is an initiative to build the world's
  first integrated sequestration and hydrogen
  production research power plant. The 1 billion
  dollar project is intended to create the world's
  first zero-emissions fossil fuel plant. When
  operational, the prototype will be the cleanest
  fossil fuel fired power plant in the world.

http//www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems
/futuregen
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FutureGenTomorrow's Pollution-Free Power Plant

• "Today I am pleased to announce that the United
  States will sponsor a 1 billion, 10-year
  demonstration project to create the world's first
  coal-based, zero-emissions electricity and
  hydrogen power plant..."
• President George W. BushFebruary 27, 2003

http//www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems
/futuregen
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FutureGen
http//www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems
/futuregen
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FutureGen
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FutureGen
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Orlando Clean Coal Power Plant
http//www.dep.state.fl.us/energy/fla_energy/h_pro
jects.htm
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Polk Power Station Tampa
http//www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylesso
ns/coal/coal_cct5.html
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NextRenewable Energy Integration
http//www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/im
ages/left.gif
http//www.re-energy.ca/
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Extra Slides
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Ultra-Clean Coal (UCC)

• Primarily in Australia
• Process coal to have lt1 ash
• Alternative to heavy fuel oil and gas

http//www.australiancoal.com.au/cleantechAus.htm
ultraclean
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Ultra-Clean Coal
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http//www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Energie/energie__
node.html
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Coal Gasification
http//www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylesso
ns/coal/coal_cct5.html
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Fluidized Bed Technology
http//www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylesso
ns/coal/coal_cct4.html
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http//www.netl.doe.gov/
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Oceanic Carbon Cycle