Global Patterns of Disease

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Global Patterns of Disease

• IB Geography II

Medical statistics will be our standard of
measurement we will weigh life for life and see
where the dead lie thicker, among the workers or
among the privileged. -Rudolf Virchow, 1848
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Annual Incidence Report Analysis

• Study table and come up with the top 3 diseases
  of poverty and top 3 diseases of affluence.

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In elbow partners, discuss the following
question

• To what extent do you believe disease is a
  consequence or a cause of poverty?

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In elbow partners, discuss the following question

• How can we define poverty on the global scale and
  apply a common term when geographical diversity
  is so great? (Example- to be poor in an LEDC is
  so different from being poor in an MEDC)

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In elbow partners, discuss the following question

• Is poverty always an undesirable state? Why?
  Why not?

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In elbow partners, discuss the following question

• How can we understand extreme poverty (like that
  of LEDCs) if we have no personal experience of
  it?

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Based on your reading from last night

• What are some of the potential health
  consequences of malnutrition?
• Based on the reading, has your opinion changed on
  whether disease is a consequence of cause of
  poverty? Why or why not?

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Objective

• By the end of this lesson, students will be able
  to
• explain the global distribution of diseases of
  poverty.
• explain the global distribution of diseases of
  affluence.
• These objectives are also very possible exam
  questions! ?

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Starting Activity

• Look at the 2 maps. Without knowing what they
  show, do you think there is a relationship
  between them? Why/Why not?

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Map1 Malnourishment
Map 2 Childhood Diarrheal Disease
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Do you think there is a link between these 2
indicators? What is it?

• Discuss in Elbow Partners

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Key Terms
The number of cases per 10,000 population
Incidence The number of confirmed cases annually
Communicable Diseases Infectious diseases
Non-Communicable Non-infectious, degenerative
Vectors Transmitters of disease, ex insects

• Prevalence

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Dont Forget About Epidemiological Transition
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Global Distribution of Diseases

• The chance of an individual succumbing to disease
  is affected by a range of factors (Many, which
  are affected by social inequality), including
• Where they live
• Their age
• Their social circumstances
• Their lifestyle
• Environmental factors

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Infectious or Communicable Diseases (Diseases of
Poverty)

• These diseases may be contagious and transmitted
  through close human contact or by vectors.
• They spread rapidly in the overcrowded and
  unsanitary conditions associated with poverty.
• Common examples malaria, HIV/AIDS, Ebola Virus,
  diarrheal disease

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Diarrheal Disease What is it?

• Diarrhea that last several days, and can leave
  the body without the water and salts that are
  necessary for survival. Most people who die from
  diarrhea actually die from severe dehydration and
  fluid loss.

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Age-standardized disability-adjusted life year
(DALY) rates from Diarrheal diseases by country
(per 100,000 inhabitants) - 2004.
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Facts on Diarrheal Disease from the World Health
Organization

• Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of
  death in children under five years old.
• It is both preventable and treatable.
• Can be prevented through safe drinking-water and
  adequate sanitation and hygiene.

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Diarrhea Deaths
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What is Ebola Virus Disease?

• Ebola Virus is a severe and often fatal illness
  in humans
• It is transmitted to people from wild animals and
  then through human-to-human transmission
• Average fatality rate is around 50
• Has varied from 25 to 90 in past outbreaks

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Ebola Cases Deaths
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Malaria What is it?

• Malaria is a parasitic disease that involves high
  fevers, shaking chills, flu-like symptoms, and
  anemia.

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Malaria Deaths
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Part 2 Diseases of Affluence
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Non-Communicable Diseases (Diseases of Affluence)

• Diseases that are more likely to result from
  personal lifestyle and societal conditions
  associated with economic development
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Alcohol abuse
• Impacts of Tobacco use

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Obesity

• What is Obesity?
• Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index that is
  commonly used to classify overweight and obesity
  in adults. It is defined as a person's weight
  divided by height.
• Obesity is defined as a value over 30
• A person is overweight if their BMI is over 25

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Obesity

• Obesity is generally considered to be a disease
  of the wealthy, although ironically in the
  richest countries it is often young people living
  in the less well-off families who are more likely
  to be overweight
• This is often related to diet, and the lack of
  exercise which some people attribute to the
  growth in sedentary lifestyles
• It is also cheaper to feed a child with unhealthy
  food than it is with healthy food.

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Obesity

• Key facts
• Worldwide, obesity has more than doubled since
  1980.
• In 2008, more than 1.4 billion adults, 20 and
  older were overweight.
• 65 of the worlds population live in countries
  where there are more overweight people than
  underweight people.
• 42 million children under the age of 5 were
  overweight or obese in 2013.
• Obesity is preventable.

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OECD- Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development
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Diabetes

• Diabetes affects the bodys metabolism, and
  involves a problem with a hormone called insulin.
  
• It is a disease which can be partly managed by
  being careful with blood sugar monitoring and
  medication.
• The risk of developing type 2 diabetes can be
  dramatically reduced by keeping body weight below
  that of obesity, and avoiding particular types of
  food.
• 200 million people worldwide suffer from it.

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Diabetes Deaths
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Alcohol Abuse

• Worldwide, 3.3 million people die every year due
  to harmful use of alcohol (5.9 of all deaths)
• 320,000 young people between the age of 15 and 29
  die from alcohol-related causes per year,
  resulting in 9 of all deaths in that age group.
• Alcohol is associated with many serious social
  and developmental issues, including violence,
  child neglect and abuse, and absenteeism in the
  workplace.
• In general, the greater economic wealth of a
  country, the more alcohol is consumed and the
  smaller the number of abstainers

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Tobacco Use

• As with the earlier example of obesity, we need
  to be careful to avoid saying that this is more
  likely to be associated with high income.
• Cigarette advertising is now closely controlled
  in many countries, and there are age restrictions
  on the purchasing of cigarettes.

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Smoking

• In 2009, smoking among men was highest in the
  Western Pacific Region, with 51 of men aged 15
  and above smoking some form of tobacco.
• Smoking among women was highest in the European
  Region at 22.
• In all WHO regions except Europe, girls aged
  1315 years old are using tobacco at higher rates
  than women aged 15 and older.
• This could be a reflection of aggressive tobacco
  industry marketing to girls, particularly in
  lower- and middle-income countries.
• The high rates among girls is very concerning as
  these data suggest potential substantial
  increases for women in the near future.
• The rates at which adolescent boys use tobacco
  average around 18 globally.

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