UNIT IV: 1750-1914

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UNIT IV 1750-1914

• Why 1750 1914?

1750 Start of political revolutions, industrial
revolution, capitalism 1914 WWI, Decline of
Empires (Ottoman, Qing, Czarist Russia,
Austro-Hungary)
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The Two Is

• 1. INDUSTRIALIZATION traditional/religious
  life under immense pressure by industrial life
  new scientific discoveries
• 2. IMPERIALISM leads to the development of Land
  AND sea-based empires
• Nationalism (introduced by the French Revolution)
• In order to justify imperialism idea of race
  developed by the West

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Big Picture Themes

• Political Revolutions
• Dominance of the West
• Reactions to Imperialism
• Global Trade
• New Economic Systems (capitalism, Marxism)
• Demographic Shifts

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Who is Who?
The West W. Europe U.S.A Australia Industrialized
societies militaries Influenced by nationalism
science
The Wannabes Russia Japan Ottomans Govt
programs to industrialize Imported tech and
western ideas
Everyone Else Colonized by West or under sphere
of influence to West All attempt to throw out
the West, but FAIL EXCEPT L. American
Independence
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Political Rev. Independence

• Why now?
• Where?
• U.S. (1776)
• France (1789)
• Haiti (1803)
• Latin America (1800s)

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American Rev.

• No taxation w/out representation
• July 4, 1776 Dec. of Independence
• 7 Years War Britsh vs. French) 1st World War

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French Revolution

• Louis XVI overtaxation
• Enlightenment ideas (rights science)
• 3rd Estate (lower class) paid all taxes
• swore a Tennis Court Oath for a constitution
  Declaration of the rights of Man
• universal male suffrage
• July 14, 1789 storming the Bastille prison
  starts rev.

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Radical phase

• led by Maximilen Robespierre (of Jacobin party)
• Louis XVI wife executed during Reign of Terror
• Final phase of rev. Napoleon staged a coup of
  the Directory
• From 1799-1815 France became an empire

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• Which of the following is a TRUE statement about
  the French Revolution of 1789?
• (A) It failed to instill a sense of nationalism
  in France.
• (B) Women gained universal suffrage.
• (C) The revolution turned radical with the
  involvement of peasants.
• (D) It succeeded in strengthening Frances
  economy.

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Haitian Revolution
Toussaint LOuverture
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• Instability caused by French Rev.
• Toussaint LOuverture organized small military
  group of slaves gens de couluer

LEGACY

• Symbol of freedom to slaves
• Kings/slave owners feared rebellion

Toussaint LOuverture
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Latin American Independence
CAUSES

• Political Social Inequality
• Creoles (rebelled the most)

• Enlightenment Ideas
• Other Revolutions
• Napoleons invasion of Spain/Portugal

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Leaders
Father Miguel Hidalgo (1821) Mexican Independence
Simon Bolivar S. America
Dom Pedro Brazil
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Causes/Motives

• 1800s Rev. Causes
• nationalism
• peasant unrest
• food shortages
• publishing newspapers/newsletters
• Commercial Revolution (rising middle class)
• Motive need to industrialize modernize
  nations

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• Modern political revolutions were characterized
  by
• (A) the unopposed rule of absolute monarchs
• (B) the influence of Enlightenment ideals
• (C) peasants and urban workers refusing to
  protest
• (D) the destruction of traditional religion
• (E) eventual choice of universal democracy
  instead of autocracy

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The West At Its Peak

• 1750-1914 height of Western power
• The French Revolution gave birth to idea of
  nationalism
• Growth of Nation-states/empires
• German unification (Bismarcks realpolitik)

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New Political Ideas
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Tech. Advances
Steam engine most important invention British
textiles 1st mechanized industry (looms
spinning wheels)
Transportation Canals Railroads Steam ships
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Industrial Rev. Social Changes

• Innovations in farming enclosure acts peasants
  in countryside out of workmove to cities for
  factory work
• Industrial Working Class (poor, unskilled)
• New Middle Class
• Roles of women
• Working class women outside home
• Upper Class women confined

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Satanic Milltown
Power loom
Fatcat
Street children
Miner
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Factory Conditions

• rigid, boring, long hours, dangerous
• NO job security
• Women/children/immigrants paid less

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Living Conditions

• Urbanization
• Cities crowded, dirty, dangerous
• no sanitation
• no fire/police
• no running water

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Rise of Western Dominance

• Scramble for Africa Berlin Conference (1884)

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2009 AP WORLD HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE
QUESTIONS WORLD HISTORYSECTION IIPart
A(Suggested writing time40 minutes)Percent of
Section II score33 1/3

• 1. Using the documents, analyze African actions
  and reactions in response to the European
  Scramble for Africa. Identify an additional type
  of document and explain how it would help in
  assessing African actions and reactions.
•  
• Historical Background In the three decades
  after the Berlin Conference on Africa
  (18841885), European powers occupied and
  colonized areas in Africa, a process later termed
  the Scramble for Africa.

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Imperialism

• Industrialization new demand resources labor
• steam power, better guns, immunizations
• Social Darwinism gave West a sense of
  superiorityjustified imperialism (White Mans
  Burden)

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• I contend that we are the first race in the
  world and that the more of the world we inhabit
  the better it is for the human race...I contend
  that every acre added to our territory provides
  for the birth of more of the English race, who
  otherwise would not be brought into existence.
• Cecil Rhodes' statement is consistent with which
  of the following?
• (A) Mercantilism
• (B) Social Darwinism
• (C) Marxism
• (D) Liberalism
• (E) Mandate of Heaven

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CHINA
AFRICA
JAPAN

• OPIUM WARS
• TREATY OF NANJING (1842)
• TAIPING REBELLION (1850-64)
• BOXER REBELLION (1898-1901) anti-British
  anti-Qing

• SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

• MEIJI RESTORATION
• MATTHEW PERRY
• SINO-JAPANESE WAR

• SHAKA ZULU (resistance)

• BERLIN CONFERENCE

• BOER WAR (Dutch vs. British)

IMPERIALISM
INDIA
EUROPE

• JEWEL IN THE CROWN

• NATIONALISM

• BRITISH EAST INDIA CO.

• WHITE MANS BURDEN.

• COMPANY MEN
• SEPOY MUTINY
• QUEEN VICTORIA

• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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Reaction to Imperialism?

• Organized rebellions all failed from 1750-1914
  (EXCEPT in L. America)
• Russia Japan
• Imitating the West

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The Wannabes

• Japan Russia

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Meiji Japan

• Arrival of U.S. navy (Commodore Perry) forced
  industrialization on Japan
• Led to Meiji Restoration Emperor began govt
  sponsored modernization plan
• Created a Parliament an oligarchy w/ a few
  businesses (zaibatsu)
• Japan colonizes Korea China

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• Late-nineteenth-century Japanese
  industrialization differed from
  late-eighteenth-century British industrialization
  in that Japans industrialization
• (A) was sponsored by the state
• (B) was not based on fossil-fuel power
• (C) centered on exporting agricultural goods
• (D) used women in early factories

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Russia

• Peter the Great (1672-1725) began Westernization
• Like Japan, industrialization sponsored by govt
• Russifiy cultural pressure on conquered peoples
• UNLIKE JAPAN Russia NOT able to fully
  industrializetoo many serfs!
• 1861 (Alexander II ends serfdom)

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British E.I.C.

• E.I.C. ran India w/ Company Men Raj
• princes until the Sepoy Rebellion (1857)
• Sepoy paid Indian soldiers
• then direct control of crown Queen Victoria
  (Disraeli her advisor)
• Jewel in the crown
• India supplied Britain w/ cotton, indigo, salt,
  opium tea.

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Qing China

• Lord Macartney attempts to open up Qing (1792)
• Tea Diplomacyepic failure
• China economically/culturally isolatedyet
  largest economy
• Qing horded silver causing inflation
• British fight Opium Wars to open up QingTreaty
  of Nanking begins 100 yrs of British influence
  (Hong Kong)
• Taiping Rebellion Boxer Rebellion (both
  failed) throw out foreigners

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The Islamic Heartland

• Ottoman Empire tried to reform its society
  industrialize w/ Tanzimat Reforms (too little too
  late)
• Janissary Corp very conservative feared change
• Egypt falls under British influence under
  Muhammad Ali (cotton Suez Canal)

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Sub-Saharan Africa

• Europeans create tensions between ethnic groups
• Scramble for Africa about resources
• metals, crops, ivory, diamonds (Cecil Rhodes),
  rubber (Belgian Congo)

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Global Communication, Tech

• railroad, steam engine, telegraph
• Suez Canal, Panama Canal

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Demographic ENV Changes

• New immigration patterns
• End of Atlantic Slave Trade caused need for
  cheap labor (children immigrants)
• Better medicine
• Food Supply ?

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Changes in Social/Gender Structure
Changed due to

• Political Revolutions
• Industrial Revolution
• Enlightenment ideas
• Emancipation of Serfs and Slaves

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Comparisons

• Industrial revolution in western Europe and Japan
  (causes and early phases)
• Revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Latin
  American, Mexican, and Chinese)
• Reaction to foreign domination in Ottoman Empire,
  China, India and Japan.