MODERN ERA

1
MODERN ERA

• INTERACTIONS 1750 - 1914

2
THEMES

• Modernization
• Reform, industrialization, progress minus
  Westernization
• Westernization
• The west as the cultural, economic, political
  model
• Democratization
• Increasing franchise, increasing governmental
  voice
• Industrialization, Mechanization
• Machines, technology replace human, animal muscle
• Mass production of items, decreasing prices
• Commercialism, Consumerism
• Capitalism, profit, buying replace tradition,
  command in economics
• Disruptions, Conflict, War
• Change marks all societies leading to conflict,
  war
• Population Movements
• Urbanization, Immigration, Migration
• Western Global Hegemony
• It is the West and all of the Rest
• Globalization or Diversity
• Global Unity vs. Regional Autonomy Think
  Globally, Act Locally

3
MODERN ERA

• INTERACTIONS
• WARS CONFLICT 1750 - 1914

4
THE FIRST WORLD WARS

• 1750 - 1765
• War of Austrian Succession and Rise of Prussia
• France, Spain, England, Portugal, Dutch, Russia,
  Sweden in wars
• Rise of Prussia as a great power, England as a
  super power
• Showed balance of power doctrine at its fullest
• Colonial Wars
• Battles fought around the world
• Colonies changed hands, colonials effected
• English, French contest for North America
• France lost influence in North America,
  Caribbean, India
• England emerges as worlds super power
• British navy rules seas unopposed
• Acquires former French North American colonies
• Acquires preeminent influence in India
• Acquires right to supply slaves to Spanish
  Americas
• Spain, Portugal, Dutch no longer great powers
• American Revolution 1776 1783 and the Wider
  World Impact
• British colonists revolt, inspired by
  Enlightenment
• American ships ranged seas attacking English

5
WAR OFAMERICANINDEPENDENCE
6
THE FRENCH NAPOLEON

• An Era of Global Conflict from 1792 to 1814
• French Revolution as Interaction
• French revolutionary success sparked interest
  throughout Europe, Americas
• Many revolutionary regimes set up by French
  armies in Italy, Germany
• Haiti rebels during French Revolution
• Spanish American colonies achieve independence
• Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
• Brilliant military leader upset the Balance of
  Power
• Became general in royal army at 24
• Supported the revolution defended the Directory
• His invasion of Egypt was defeated by British
  army
• Overthrew Directory named himself consul for
  life
• Napoleon's empire
• 1804, proclaimed himself emperor
• Dominated the European continent
• Annexed lands in Italy, Netherlands, Germany,
  Spain controlled other thrones
• Defeated Austria and Prussia, Occupied Spain and
  Portugal, allied with Scandinavia
• Perennial Enemy Great Britain who controlled the
  high seas
• Disastrous invasions of Spain, Russia in 1812
  destroyed Grand Army

7
EUROPE 1812 1815
8
RUSSIAN EXPANSION

• Nineteenth-century Russia
• Collapse of Napoleon left Russia as great power
• Russia dominates Eastern Europe (saved both
  Prussia, Austria)
• Russia increased presence in Central Europe,
  Northern Europe
• Russia wants to push into Ottoman SE Europe, SW
  Asia
• Expands into Central Asia, Pacific
• Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Conservatism
• Official government policy to uphold conservatism
  
• Pre-destined Russia to oppose revolution, change
  everywhere
• Rise of Pan-Slavic Nationalism
• Sought to control all Orthodox, Slavs
• Brought Russia into conflict with Ottoman Empire,
  Austria in Balkans
• Also wanted access to Mediterranean Sea
• Hoped to seize control of Constantinople
• War against the Ottoman Empire
• Numerous wars to acquire Turkish lands in SE
  Europe, Caucasus
• Supported rise of Christian Balkan states under
  Russian influence
• Crimean War 1853 - 1856
• France, Great Britain, Sardinia supported
  Ottomans

9
RUSSIAN EMPIRE
10
THE SICK OLD MAN OF EUROPE

• The issue of Ottoman State called the Eastern
  Question
• A central concern of European diplomacy from 1800
  to 1914
• At issue was whether to preserve or partition
  Ottoman Empire
• By 1800s, Ottoman Empire a dying state
• Central government
• Horribly corrupt, unable to reform, unviable
• Central authority breaks down and provinces begin
  to rebel, break off
• Multinational state
• Greeks, Slavs, Albanians, Rumanians, Jews, Arabs,
  Kurds, Armenians
• Conflicting traditions demanding autonomy
• Nationalism affects some subject peoples
• Mehmet Ali of Albania seeks independence
• Muhammad Ali of Egypt seeks independence
• Greek Rebellion in 1820 achieves independence
• Serbs, Bulgars, Rumanians, Albanians follow in
  late 19th century
• Russians, Austrians prey on Ottoman Territory
• Russians constantly looking to take over
  territory
• Austrians, Germans, French, English oppose
  Russian designs
• French, English interested in markets, protecting
  Suez Canal

11
THE DECLINEANDPARTITIONOF THEOTTOMAN EMPIRE
12
EGYPT THE WORLD

• Napoleons Invasion of (Egypt) Ottoman Empire
• French Revolution and ideas influence Ottoman
  Europeans
• Napoleon invaded Egypt, made radical changes
  while in possession
• Introduced westernization, nationalism into Egypt
• Destroyed Mameluk army without serious loss
• Showed the weakness, outdated nature of the
  Muslim institutions
• English halt invasion and restore Turkish control
  of Egypt
• Muhammad Ali emerges as ruler of Egypt after
  Napoleon
• Began process to modernize Egyptian army
• Hired European officers, adopted European tactics
• Invaded Syria builds modern fleet to invade
  Greece, Turkey
• Modernizes economy to support military
• Increased production of cash crops for export
  cotton, hemp, indigo
• Improved harbors, irrigation, increased revenues
• Reform frustrated by worried Europeans,
  traditional Muslims
• Europeans destroy navy at Battle of Navarino
• Khedives and European Intervention
• Successors to Muhammad Ali ruled Egypt, Sudan
  until 1956
• Egypt single export crop economy (cotton)
  vulnerable to fluctuations

13
AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

• War not just an American domestic conflict
• France, UK nearly intervened for South
• Both dependent on Southern cotton
• Both provided aid to Southern blockade runners
• France and Mexico 1863 - 1867
• Revolution ousted Santa Anna Juarez new leader
• Mexico owed Europeans money
• Europeans occupy Veracruz, ignored Monroe
  Doctrine
• France set up a puppet regime under Austrian
  emperor
• Austria, Prussia, Russia supported North
• Saw Southern secession as revolt against
  legitimacy
• Poland 1863 Three nations suppressed rebellion
• Three nations warned France, UK not to get
  involved
• Russian fleets anchored in Northern ports
• US bought Alaska in 1867 to repay Russia for
  support
• Prussia observed Union military
• Learned from Northern art of war, rebuilt army
• Increased use of railroads as instrument of war
• Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address

14
MEXICO IN MODERN ERAINSTABILITY AND FOREIGN
INTERVENTION

• Mexican Republic under Santa Anna
• Until his death dominated Mexico
• Saw himself as a Latin Napoleon
• Constantly in debt to foreigners
• Revolt of Texas led to conflict with US
• Mexican American War 1846 1848
• Mexico lost 1/3 of its territory
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• US expanded to Pacific and annexed Texas
• The French Intervention
• Benito Juarez
• Liberal Indian President of Mexico
• He started a liberal revolt
• La Reforma which was powerful
• Conservatives turned to French for support
• French troops land
• French install an Austrian emperor on throne
• Backed emperor with French troops, French money
• US demanded French withdrawal in 1867

15
OPIUM WARS

• 1795 Maccauley Mission and After
• British send diplomatic, trade delegation to
  China
• Chinese tell British they are not interested in
  trade
• China made mistake of underestimating Europeans
• Forced British, Europeans to trade through Canton
• Chinese exported silks, porcelains, teas for
  silver
• Chinese refused to trade for manufactures
• Opium trade
• A serious threat to Qing dynasty by 19th century
• Cohong system restricted foreign merchants to
  Canton
• China had much to offer, but little demand for
  European products
• East India Company cultivated opium to trade for
  Chinese goods
• British found that Chinese would trade for opium
• 1810 4500 chests weighing 133 pounds yearly
• By 1839, 40,000 chests traded yearly
• Opium draining revenue, destroying economy,
  society
• By 1838, 1 of 400 million Chinese were addicted
• The Opium War (1839-1842)
• Commissioner Lin Zexu directed to stop trade

16
CHINA UNEQUAL TREATIES

• Unequal treaties forced trade concessions from
  Qing dynasty
• Treaty of Nanjing, 1842
• Britain gained right to opium trade
• Obtained most-favored-nation status
• Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain
• Called unequal treaties
• Made with western countries and Japan
• Extraterritoriality
• Foreigners not subject to Chinese laws
• Criminal acts tried in Western courts
• Chinese crimes against westerners tried in
  western courts
• By 1900, China lost control of economy to
  foreigners
• Foreigners invest in China, control industry
• Ninety ports open to foreign powers
• Foreigners issued own stamps, had own post
• Spheres of influence eroded Chinese power
• Foreign powers seized Chinese tribute states
• Vietnam (France)
• Burma (United Kingdom)

17
CHINA CONCESSIONS
18
MODERN ERA

• INTERACTIONS
• IMPERIALISM 1750 - 1914

19
IMPERIALISM

• Motives of imperialism
• Modern imperialism
• Refers to domination of industrialized countries
  over subject lands
• Domination achieved by trade, investment,
  business activities
• Two types of modern colonialism
• Colonies ruled and populated by migrants
• Colonies controlled without significant
  settlement
• Economic motives of imperialism
• European merchants made personal fortunes
• Expansion to obtain raw materials
• Colonies were potential markets for products
• Political motives
• Strategic purpose harbors, supply stations
• Overseas expansion used to defuse internal
  tensions
• Cultural justifications of imperialism
• Christian missionaries sought converts in Africa
  and Asia
• "Civilizing mission/"white man's burden
  justified expansion
• Tools of empire
• Transportation technologies supported imperialism
  

20
EMPIRE IN ASIA

• The British empire in India
• Company rule under the English East India Company
  
• EIC took advantage of Mughal decline in India,
  began conquest of India in 1750s
• Built trading cities and forts at Calcutta,
  Madras, Bombay
• Ruled with small British force, Indian troops
  called sepoys
• Sepoy Rebellion, 1857 attacks on British led to
  reprisals
• British imperial rule replaced the EIC, 1858
• British viceroy and high-level British civil
  service ruled India
• British appointed viceroy, ran all domestic,
  foreign policy
• Indians held low-level bureaucratic positions
• Economic restructuring of India, Ceylon (Sri
  Lanka)
• Introduction of commercial crops tea, coffee,
  opium
• Built railroads, telegraph lines, canals,
  harbors, irrigation
• Did not interfere with Indian culture, religion
• Established English-style schools for Indian
  elites
• Outlawed Indian customs considered offensive,
  (sati)
• Imperialism in central Asia and southeast Asia
• "Great Game" refers to competition between
  Britain, Russia in central Asia
• By 1860s Russian expansion reached northern
  frontiers of British India

21
IMPERIALISM IN ASIA
22
SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

• 1875 and 1900
• European powers seized almost the entire
  continent
• Early explorers charted the waters, gathered
  information on resources
• Missionaries like David Livingstone set up
  mission posts
• Henry Stanley sent by Leopold II of Belgium to
  create colony in Congo, 1870s
• To protect their investments and Suez Canal,
  Britain occupied Egypt, 1882
• South Africa
• Settled first by Dutch farmers (Afrikaners) in
  seventeenth century
• By 1800 was a European settler colony with
  enslaved black African population
• British seized Cape Colony in early nineteenth
  century, abolished slavery in 1833
• British-Dutch tensions led to Great Trek of
  Afrikaners inland to claim new lands
• Mid-19TH century, they established Orange Free
  State in 1854, Transvaal in 1860
• Discovery of gold and diamonds in Afrikaner
  lands influx of British settlers
• Boer War, 1899-1902 British defeated Afrikaners,
  Union of South Africa
• The Berlin Conference, 1884-1885
• European powers set rules for carving Africa into
  colonies, Africans not invited
• Occupation, supported by European armies,
  established colonial rule in Africa
• By 1900 all of Africa, except Ethiopia and
  Liberia, was controlled by European powers
• Colonial rule challenging and expensive

23
AFRICA 1880 1914
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EMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC

• Australia and New Zealand
• Both became settler colonies in the Pacific
• 1770, Captain Cook reached Australia, reported it
  suitable for settlement
• 1788, one thousand settlers established colony of
  New South Wales
• Became a penal colony after loss of Georgia in
  American Revolution
• 1851, gold discovered surge of European
  migration to Australia
• Fertile soil and timber of New Zealand attracted
  European settlers
• Europeans diseases dramatically reduced
  aboriginal populations
• European flora and fauna replaced most native
  species
• Large settler societies forced indigenous peoples
  onto marginal lands
• Pacific Islands
• Spain and the Pacific
• Pacific had been a Spanish possession until 19th
  century (Philippines, Micronesia)
• Spanish yearly shipments of silver from Mexico to
  China ended in 1812
• Colonization of Pacific Islands delayed until
  late nineteenth century
• Early American visitors to the Pacific
• American Whalers throughout region after American
  revolution
• American merchants on way to China began in 19th
  century
• California Gold Rush open Pacific coast to
  immigrants from Europe, China

25
EMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC
26
U.S. IMPERIALISM

• Westward Expansion, Manifest Destiny precede
  overseas imperialism
• Americans push west after American revolution
• Drove Indians from land
• US purchases Louisiana from France
• Opened up West to settlement
• Americans saw it as God-given right to occupy
  continent
• The Monroe Doctrine and Latin America
• 1823 proclamation by U.S. president James Monroe
  
• Opposed European imperialism in the Americas
• Justified American interventions in late 19th,
  20th century
• Used doctrine to tell France to withdraw from
  Mexico in 1867
• United States purchased Alaska from Russia in
  1867
• Hawaii became a protectorate in 1875, formally
  annexed in 1898
• Tended to leave area open only for American
  investments, loans
• The Mexican American War 1846 1848
• US annexation of Texas set off conflict with
  Mexico
• US defeats Mexico, annexed 1/3 of Mexican
  territory
• Settlement of Far West, Pacific Coast, Great
  Basin follows
• 1867 1898

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MANIFEST DESTINYWhat one painting can tell us
28
MAP OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISM
29
IMPERIAL JAPAN

• Japan and the West
• 1854 US Commodore Perry forces Japan out of
  isolation
• Japanese resented unequal treaties of 1860s
• Borrowed western knowledge
• Resolved to become imperial power
• Early Japanese expansion in nearby islands
• 1870s, to the north Hokkaido, Kurile islands
• By 1879, to the south Okinawa and Ryukyu Islands
• Meiji Government
• Prussia trained Japanese army, Britain trained
  Japanese navy
• Bought British warships, built up navy, began
  building own ships
• Established military academies
• 1876, imposed unequal treaties on Korea at
  gunpoint
• Made plans to invade China
• The Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)
• Rebellion in Korea Chinese army sent to restore
  order, reassert authority
• Meiji leaders declared war against China,
  demolished Chinese fleet
• China forced to cede Korea, Taiwan, Pescadores,
  Liaodong peninsula
• Japan helps suppress Boxer Rebellion, creates own
  zones in China

30
JAPANESE EMPIRE
31
MODERN ERA

• INTERACTIONS
• RISE OF INTERNATIONAL
• DIPLOMACY 1750 - 1914

32
DIPLOMACY BALANCE OF POWER HEGEMONY

• Century Era of Western hegemony in all areas
• Balance of Power dominates century
• After Napoleon, great powers kept peace
• Intervened in European affairs to maintain
  balance
• Goals and Policies
• No one power should dominate
• No nation should be eliminated
• No permanent ideologies threaten peace
• Brokered conferences to decide touchy issues
• International Organizations
• Non-governmental Organizations new in history
• Try to promote international accord
• Establish cooperation
• Red Cross
• Established at end of Crimean War
• Provide health care, relief following
  catastrophes
• Olympics
• Resurrected in 1896
• Healthy competition

33
PRE-WAR ALLIANCES

• Rival systems of alliance
• Germany forms alliances
• Bismarck attempts to isolate France
• Until 1890, Germany had alliances with all except
  France
• Obligated allies to come to one another's defense
• France and Russia
• Found themselves isolated, fearful of Germany
• Formed Double Entente to end their isolation
• The Triple Alliance
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• Germany, Austria allied 1879
• Italy joined in 1882 (Triple Alliance)
• Others Allied States
• Ottoman Empire German railroads, reforms of
  military
• Bulgaria and Rumania fearful of Russia and Serbia
• The Double and Later Triple Entente
• France, Russia
• Common enemy Germany, common war plans
• Worked together diplomatically

34
ALLIANCESc. 1914
35
MODERN ERA

• INTERACTIONS
• TRADE AND COMMERCE 1750 - 1914

36
COMMERCIAL IDEOLOGIES IN 1750

• Mercantilism
• Limited amount of wealth in the world
• If one nation benefited, another suffered
• Goal is to maximize nations portion of trade
• Goal is to exclude competition from markets and
  monopolize wealth
• Governments pass legislation to support domestic
  commerce
• Trade incentives for local producers
• Establish barriers to outside trade
• Tariffs, excise taxes
• Quotas, restrictions on imports
• Infant industries support
• Governments support colonization, imperialism
• Colonization find homes for excess population
• Imperialism provides markets, resources for
  domestic industry
• Foreign possessions bring glory, wealth to the
  nation
• Almost every nation in the world subscribes to
  this theory
• Free Trade
• Wealth is not finite but can be created
• To maximize wealth, allow people, industry to
  compete freely

37
ECONOMIC EXCHANGES IN 1750

• Domestic Trade
• Most commerce is internal, most markets are
  autarkic self-sufficient
• Great wealth is generated in trade but not as
  much as domestic production
• Most workers, farmers generate wealth only
  sufficient for self consumption
• International Trade
• Conditions of Trade
• Mercantilism predominates
• International trade tends to be limited to cash
  crops, finished luxuries
• Western Europe dominates most trade
• Only Eastern Asia has the ability to rival,
  challenge Western Europe
• Trade Markets
• Western European exports and imports
• Exports finished products, finished luxuries
• Imports raw materials, minerals, primary crop
  luxuries
• Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Northern Europe,
  SW Asia
• Imports finished products, finished luxuries
• Exports minerals, primary products, grains
• Americas including Caribbean, South Asia
• Imports finished products, finished luxuries

38
ECONOMIC EXCHANGES IN 1914

• Saw the rise of international trade
• Trade involved all types of products, goods for
  first time
• Entire world involved all continents, peoples
  effected
• Some nations traded to exist made their wealth
  off of trade
• Very few nations produced finished goods for
  international market (core)
• Most nations supplied world markets with raw
  materials (periphery)
• Nations had begun to specialize in trade (we
  cannot produce everything)
• Terms of Trade
• Most items traded were finished goods, industrial
  products
• Wealthy nations tended to trade with each other
• Western Colonies, Latin America, all of Asia
  except Japan
• Only accounted for a small part of trade
• Generally exported primary products, imported
  finished products
• Nations began negotiating trade agreements
• The US and later UK came to favor open markets
  (markets open to all)
• Most favored nation status was goal partners
  traded as equals
• Rise of international capital markets
• Domestic profit needed to be invested, sometimes
  best opportunities abroad
• Money invested abroad to reap benefits at home