Gunpowder Empires

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Gunpowder Empires

• 1450-1750

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Muslim Empires

• Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal
• Emerged from central steppe nomads
• All had Absolute monarchs who modeled their
  courts after early Islamic empires

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Gunpowder Empires

• 1450-1750, rise of sea-based power in Europe
• Empires in Middle East and Asia continued to rely
  on roads, armies, and inland urban areas for
  military and economic influence
• Made use of guns, muskets, cannons
• Ottomans also had a large navy and dominated
  Med. Sea
• Gunpowder Empires Russia, Ottoman, Safavid,
  Mughal, Ming and Qing China, and Tokugawa Japan
• Muslim empires that represent the height of
  Muslim political and military power

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Ottoman Empire

• Named for founder Osman, they were given land in
  Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks in return for aid
  against the Mongols
• Lasted from 13th C. to 1922, peak in 16th C.
• Expanded due to weakening of Byzantine Empire,
  1453 captured Constantinople after a seige and
  renamed it Istanbul
• Important Muslim center, Hagia Sophia turned into
  a mosque (Justinian cried a little)
• Reached height under Suleiman (the Magnificent or
  the Lawgiver)

Suleiman
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Political Characteristics

• Sultans were both political and military leaders
• Large bureaucracy centered in Istanbul
• Vizier assistant to sultan, head of bureaucracy
• warrior aristocrats controlling areas of empire
• Devshirme System
• Required Christians to pay tribute in the form of
  boys
• Special training, learned Turkish, Converted to
  Islam became either bureaucrats or soldiers
  Janissaries
• Given control of guns and heavy artillery,
  eventually had a say in government
• Eventually Janissaries and Viziers gained so much
  power that they challenged authority of Sultans
• No clear succession laws, sons often warred with
  each other when Sultan died

Janissaries
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Economic Challenges

• Istanbul center of trade (just like
  Constantinople before it)
• Mid-17th century, economic decline
• Empire too large
• Increasing corruption and heavy taxes
• Peasant revolts
• Inflation due to large amounts of New World
  silver (Ottomans had set rate for silver, when
  Europeans brought new world silver in, their
  silver cost less so they could buy more)

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Social Characteristics

• Majority Sunni (Know this)
• Expanded into Egypt, Europe, Caucasus large
  number of Christians and Jews
• Sultans supported public works, religious
  scholars, artisans, poets, architects, schools,
  hospitals, Mosques, etc
• Large number of merchants and artisans with
  guilds
• Relations with Europe (or lack thereof)
• Saw Europeans as backwards and marginal, their
  culture superior Led them to ignore major
  changes Europe was bringing to the world
• ex. Ignored Printing press, could not print
  arabic-corrupting to holy language
• Lost control of Med. To Phillip II of Spain in
  1571, never again would dominate, also lost
  control of many ports in Indian Ocean to
  Portuguese

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Safavid Empire

• Turkish nomads, Shiite
• Believed that descendants of Ali should be the
  heir to Islam Imam
• 12th imam disappeared as a child, Safavids
  believed an Imam would return the Hidden Imam
• Did not have a united political base
• 16th C. united under Ismail
• Declared ruler was a stand-in until the Hidden
  Imam returned
• Safavids and Ottomans fought often, due to
  religious differences
• Battles between the two set limits of Shiite
  expansion In modern day Iran and Iraq surrounded
  by Sunni countries

Shah Ismail uniting Safavids by force
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Politics, Economics, and Culture

• Politics
• Reached Peak under Shah Abbas I
• Similar to Janissaries, Russian boys were
  captured, converted, and used as soldiers
• Brought in European advisors for technical
  knowledge (they were infidels, but beating Sunni
  more important)
• Turkish chiefs became warrior nobility and
  supervised their lands (like Ottomans)
• Economics
• Promoted trade, capital Isfahan (far inland, so
  less cultural diversity)
• Guilds, silk industry, Rug/carpet industry (most
  important)
• Also influenced by inflation of silver
• Culture
• Mixture of Turkish and Persian traditions but
  much of culture built on ancient Persia

Court of Shah Abbas I at Isfahan
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Mughal Empire

• India controlled by Muslim Delhi sultanate (from
  13th C.)
• Tendency of India to fragment, people primarily
  Hindu
• 1583 India taken by Babur founded Mughal Empire
• Mixture of Mongol and Turkish people from Asia
• Dominated India until 17oos, but ruled in name
  until 1858
• Empire extended under grandson, Akbar
• Empire reached height and power

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Political Characteristics

• Military power based on land (no navy)
• Goal of spreading Islam-although some rulers were
  more tolerant, such as Akbar
• Succession was a problem like Safavid
• Akbar
• incorporated many Hindu Rajas into positions in
  military and bureaucracy to ease tensions
• Encouraged marriage between Mughals and Hindu
• Abolished Jizra-head tax on non-Muslims
• Taxes based on each regions potential for wealth
• Ended ban on building of Hindu temples, made
  Muslims respect cows
• Laws lasted through his successors to Aurangzeb

Jesuits at Akbars Court
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More Rulers

• Jahangir and Shah Jahan
• Patrons of the arts esp. miniatures
• Built mosques, tombs, schools, palaces
• Most famous Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan for
  his wife
• Less interest in conquest and politics
• Large court library (begun by Akbar who was
  illiterate, but lived to have books read to him)
• Both love of pleasure politics, economics, and
  military issues neglected
• Aurangzeb succeeded them and tried to restore
  empire
• Also tried to rid subcontinent of all religions
  but Islamlots of resentment
• Conquered more land, but spent all money
• Local leaders plotted against him
• Ended Akbars reforms
• At his death, empire was at its largest, but VERY
  unstableEuropeans perched ready to take
  advantage

Most Devoted husband EVER!!
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Economics and Society

• Trade network based on cotton, indigo, and silk
• By 17th C. much trade with Europeans
• No navy, so merchant ships privately owned, many
  ships owned by Portuguese and Dutch
• Religion
• Continued conflicts between Hindu and Muslims
• Akbar attempted to create Divine Faith blend of
  Islam, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Hindu and
  Sikh beliefs-did not last after his death
• Nanuk (1469-1539) At first tried to reconcile
  Hinduism and Islam, then became 1st guru of new
  faith Sikhism

Nanuk, Sikh Guru
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Women in the Muslim empires

• Patriarchal, seclusion for women, veiled
• Unequal politically, socially and economically
• Some wives of rulers were able to gain power
• Political power Harem intrigue
• In Mughal
• Child marriage common
• Practice of Sati (Akbar and Shah Jahan both
  outlawed)

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Ming and Qing Dynasties

• 1368-1912

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Europe in SE Asia

• Asia generally thought of Europe (or didnt think
  of it) as backwards, but Europe was beginning to
  be felt globally by the 17th and 18th centuries
• SE Asia most affected Portuguese and Dutch both
  focused on region
• Europeans took over two governments in this
  region and set up regimes that favored
  mercantilism
• Philippines Manila became capital of Spanish
  commerce in Asia
• Indonesia Dutch set up trading center in Java
• China, Japan, and Korea much more resistant to
  Europeans

Dutch Map of Batvia, the trading capital of Java
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End of Yuan

• Rulers after Kublai Khan weak and plagued with
  corruption
• Scholar-gentry began encouraging rebellion
  against barbarian oppressors
• Banditry widespread in countryside while piracy
  major problem on seas
• China fell into chaos
• Power was grabbed by a peasant Ju Yuanzhang who
  would begin Ming (Brilliant) Dynasty and change
  his name to Hongwu

Swag.
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Early Ming Dynasty

• Overthrew Mongols in 1368
• Hongwu, first Ming emperor
• Goal to remove all traces of Mongol rule
• Established government based on traditional
  dynasties
• Revived Confucian education and Civil Service
  Exams
• Centralized government at new capital Nanjing
• Ming rulers insisted on absolute obedience and
  were suspicious of non-Chinese
• Government used emissaries called Mandarins to
  make sure orders followed in outlying regions
• Relied on eunuchs for governmental service (did
  not have families to challenge rule)

Eunuchs from the Qing Dynasty
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More Ming

• At first tried to spread power and hegemony by
  sailing throughout SE Asia and Indian Ocean
• Zheng-he, Muslim Eunuch, admiral of the huge Ming
  Fleet
• Eventually, scholar-gentry afraid of power of
  eunuchs, destroyed fleet and stressed traditional
  culture
• Believed China weakened by contact with others
• Cautious of trade with outsiders
• Believed that best to model itself on greatness
  of the past
• Repaired irrigation systems, Great Wall,
  factories, internal trading connections
• Promoted Chinese traditions Confucianism and
  Neo-Confucianism

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Later Ming Politics

• Capital returned to Beijing and Forbidden City
  was built
• Housed more than 20,000 people to serve emperor
  and family
• Bureaucracy revived, exams largely unchanged
• Large armies with good leaders and organization,
  but not as technologically advanced as those of
  the West

Map of Forbidden City
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Later Ming Economy

• Strong commercial activity, greater percentage of
  merchants than other regions even though
  merchants still low class
• Portuguese traded new world silver for luxury
  goods, but behavior offended Chinese only
  allowed at one port Macao
• Much urban growth
• Lagged in technology
• Europeans adapting and improving technology
• Chinese became more isolated and took little
  notice of technological advances outside of China

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Later Ming Trade

• Ethnocentric, did not need much from others
• High point in interaction between China and Japan
• Shoguns emulated Chinese culture
• Both countries plagued by pirates
• Trade limited with Europeans except for a few
  contacts with Dutch and Portuguese
• Did tolerate some Christian Missionaries

Ming sailors fighting pirates
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Christian Missionaries

• Had come to China before, but Plague and Yuan had
  disrupted
• During Ming, Jesuits came to China
• Most famous Matteo Ricci
• Italian who hoped to convert the emperor
• Knew that Chinese had great respect for learning
  and refinement and studied Chinese culture,
  reading, and writing
• Also knew that court was interested in European
  science, technology and mechanical inventions
  intrigued Chinese with bronze cannons, cuckoo
  clocks, and a giant clock that chimed the hours

Matteo Ricci showing a clock to the Ming Emperor
(The funniest part of this picture is that it is
from a cosplay sitewho is cosplaying Matteo
Ricci???)
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More Jesuits

• Tried to convince emperor of similarities between
  Confucianism and Christianity
• Held services in Chinese, allowed shrines to
  ancestors had little success
• Pope eventually alarmed at comparisons and
  ordered priests to follow accepted Christianity
• Chinese ordered missionaries to quit preaching
• Missionaries weakened, had neither papal or
  imperial support
• Effects
• Opened China to European influence
• Writings of the Jesuits stimulated an interest in
  China for Europe

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Decline of Ming

• Central Asian nomads began attacking borders
  (Again?!?)
• Series of weak emperors, corruption, court
  factions
• Peasant rebellions
• Northern Manchurians seized China from the north
• Named their dynasty the Qing (Pure) Dynasty
• Symbolic of throwing out bad rulers and returning
  to traditional Chinese culture
• Problem They were outsiders

Were Back.again
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Qing Dynasty1644 - 1911

• Conquered Beijing in 1644
• By the late 18th C., China had reached its
  largest size in history
• Encouraged separation between Manchus and Chinese
• Highest posts filled by Manchus
• Left scholar-gentry in charge of most
  bureaucratic positions
• Forbid intermarriage
• Forced Chinese men to shave front of head and
  grow a queue
• Sign of submission to dynasty

Grrr.
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Expansion under Qing
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Politics

• Civil service exams more competitive than ever
  district, provincial, and metropolitan levels
• State highly centralized with emperor Son of
  Heaven
• Secluded, privileged life in Forbidden City
• Everyone who came to see emperor had to perform
  Kowtow (elaborate bow with three separate
  kneelings)
• Rulers
• Kangxi (1661-1722) and Qianlong (1736-1795)
• Their rule lasted over 130 years
• Prosperous, powerful, and wealthy empire
• Both Confucian scholars
• Kanxi talented military leader
• Qianlongs reign so prosperous that four times he
  cancelled tax collection

19th C. Kowtow
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Economic

• Prosperity based on agriculture
• Wheat, rice, and millet
• Enhanced by crops from New World Potatoes,
  maize, peanuts
• Led to a rapid rise in population
• Eventually population growth would outpace food
  production
• Strengthened by silver
• Traded for silk, porcelain, and tea
• Greatly aided Chinese economy, unlike Muslim
  empires

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Women in Ming

• Highly patriarchal, emphasis on Confucianism
  increased control men had over women
• Preference for sons (only they could take exams)
• Widows encouraged to commit suicide
• Footbinding popular
• Could not divorce, but husband could put aside
  wife for disobedience of adultery

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Society

• Status of scholar-bureaucrats grew
• Wore distinctive clothing and treated with
  deference by people
• Below gentry were peasants, artisans and
  merchants
• Merchants still had lowest status
• Rich culture philosophy, literature, history,
  calligraphy, painting, poetry
• Porcelain became major art form wealthy
  Europeans desired it along with painted scrolls
  and screens

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Last Dynasty Yay! You know them all!!
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Tokugawa Japan

• 1603-1867

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Feudal Japan

• 12th -16th Centuries
• Feudalistic hierarchies, emperor ruled in name
  only
• Shogun, highest military official, held true
  power
• Local control under territorial lords Daimyo
• Each had own loyal samurai
• Pledged allegiance to Shogun, but acted
  independently
• Late 16th C., civil war broke out among several
  daimyos and several warlords emerged
• Most famous was Toyotomi Hideyoshi, broke power
  of warring daimyos and unified Japan in 1590
• Wanted to rule China, Korea, and India
• Began attacking Korea, but died before much
  progress
• Unified Japan for the first time in history

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Tokugawa Shogunate

• 1603-1867
• After Hideyoshi, daimyos met under leadership of
  Tokugawa Ieyasu
• Established centralized government in 1603
• Capital was at Edo
• Government called Bakufu or tent government,
  implying that it was a holding place for the true
  emperor
• Daimyos still had much power
• Tokugawa Shoguns carried out policy Daimyos had
  to go to Edo every other year (this meant the
  Shogun had direct control over 50 always)
• Weakened daimyos by
• Affecting wealth they had to maintain two
  households
• Absence from lands meant it was hard to establish
  a firm power base
• Daimyo needed permission to marry or build

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Economics and Society

• Encouraged economic growth because less warring
  within Japan
• Increased agricultural production due to better
  irrigation, water control, and fertilizer
• Rapid population growth
• Curbed by birth control, late marriage, abortion,
  and infanticide
• Needed because Japan had limited space

Edo During Tokugawa Period
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Rise of Merchants
Japanese Market during the Tokugawa Shogunate

• Social hierarchy influenced by Confucianism
• Ruling elites shogun, daimyo, samurai
• Middle class peasants and artisans
• Lower class merchants
• As trade flourished merchants began to be
  wealthier than upper classes
• elites finances based on agricultural production
  while the merchants based on luxury goods
• During times of peace samurai left with little to
  do and became poorer
• Forbidden from entering into any other
  profession, so many worked for merchants

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Arts and Learning

• Culture shaped by Shintoism, Confucianism, and
  Buddhism
• Elites influenced by Neo-Confucianism, many wrote
  in Chinese
• Tokugawa Shogunate supported Neo-Confucianism
• Some scholars emphasized Shinto because it was
  traditional, felt Neo-Confucianism diluted
  Japanese culture
• Japanese writing less characters than Chinese, so
  greater literacy
• Did have moveable type, urban middle class became
  literate
• Poetry, novels, satires, Kabuki plays were most
  popular
• Urban teahouses, brothels, public baths popular
  because allowed people to escape from rigid
  decorum of society

Kabuki theater during the Ming
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Japan and the Europeans

• Portuguese in mid-16th C. first to Japan
• Followed by traders and missionaries
• Wanted pottery, lacquerware, and copper
• Missionaries goal of converting to Roman
  Catholicism
• First tried to convert daimyos
• Hideyoshi concerned (Converts refused to obey
  feudal lords orders if they believed they
  conflicted with Christianity) and ordered
  missionaries to leave in the 1580s.
• Tokugawa banned Christianity in 1614
• Drove missionaries away, those who refused were
  killed
• 300,000 Japanese Christians killed
• Tokugawa began restricting foreign trade
• By 1640s only Dutch and Chinese ships allowed and
  only on island of Deshima

Europeans at the port of Deshima
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Dailies Gunpowder Empires

• 1. What were the 3 gunpowder Empires?
• 2. How were they different from the European
  Empires?
• 3. Describe religion in the Mughal Empire? Who
  were the Sikhs?
• 4-5. Give two reason that the gunpowder empires
  declined.

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Dailies Ming and Qing

• Who were the Jesuits?
• Why did the Chinese allow the Jesuits into China?
• Who were the Qing (where were they from)?
• Why were guns banned in Japan?
• Describe the Reconquista.