China

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China

• The Mao Years

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Dr Sun Yat Sen

• 1912 Chinas last imperial dynasty and becomes
  the Republic of China revolution led by Sun Yat
  Sen
• Dr Sun Yat Sen is made the first provisional
  president of the Republic of China
• Sun Yat Sen found the Kuomintang party
  (Nationalists)
• After the revolution, power struggle emerges
  within the government
• Yuan Shikai takes over and orders Sun Yat Sens
  arrest
• he and his military commander Chiang Kai Shek
  escape to Japan (1913)

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Sun Yat Sen

• Yuans new revolution (return to monarchy) fails
  and warlords around China gain power
• Sun Yat Sen returns to China in 1916 in the
  disorder
• Establishes his political doctrine
• Social Reconstruction, attributed the failure of
  democracy in China to the people's lack of
  practice and application
• Psychological Reconstruction, argued that popular
  acceptance of his program had been obstructed by
  acceptance of the old saying "Knowledge is
  difficult, action is easy.
• Material Reconstruction, constituted a master
  plan for the industrialization of China to be
  financed by lavish investments from abroad.

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Sun Yat Sen

• Communist Party established by Mao Zedong in 1920
• Tries to gain financial support from Western
  countries but with little success
• Turns to an alliance with the communist party
• Soviet Union 1923 would pledge help to Sun to
  reunite China
• 1924 a new constitution is forged along Soviet
  lines (Executive Committee in charge of
  propaganda)
• USSR would help Sun train a military
• Sun adopts his Three Principles of governance
  nationalism, democracy and social reform

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Chiang Kai Shek

• 1925 Sun dies of cancer
• Chiang Kai Shek will take over
• Almost immediately begins a purge of Communists
  from the Kuomintang
• Defeats the Communist army and survivors take the
  Long March to Shenxi Province in NW China to
  regroup (9700km)

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Chiang Kai Shek

• Begins reforms
• Renews Confucianism to replace communist values
  (New Life Movement 1934)
• Improves transportation network and education
  system
• 1937 Japan takes Nanking and Chiang is forced to
  move his capital to Chunking
• Chiang is forced to form an alliance with Mao
  against Japan truce and cooperation dont last
  long
• Immediately after WWII, Communists and
  Nationalists fight for control of China
• US supports Nationalists by helping them liberate
  areas
• Mao Zedong wins because of peasant support and in
  1949 proclaims the Peoples Republic of China
• Chiang and his followers flee to Taiwan (until
  1971, the West recognized Taiwan as the official
  Chinese government)

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Mao Zedong
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Maos China

• Hundred Flowers Campaign 1956-1958
• Background
• Previous policy of political and artistic work
  having to promote the CCP (Chinese Communist
  Party)
• Education aimed to rid of social and political
  thought purge of non-revolutionaries (800,000
  in the 1950s)
• 1956 collective farms were successfully
  integrated (meanwhile Communism was failing
  around the world de-Stalinization, uprisings in
  Poland and Hungary)

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Maos China

• Hundred Flowers Campaign 1956-1958
• 1956 speech "let a hundred flowers bloom and a
  hundred schools of thought contend,"
• Wanted nationalism and modernization
• Mao decides to allow criticism of the government
  by non-party intellectuals to help him create a
  better and more modern Chinese Government
• Cooperation with democratic parties (small party)
• Tolerance of artistic expression and political
  debate
• CCP members were now apprehensive because the
  very ideologies they suppressed to gain power
  were now invited to be presented
• Little response to Maos speech (fearful and
  skeptical)

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Maos China

• Hundred Flowers Campaign 1956-1958
• feared an early spring--one that promised a
  healthy growing season before killing with a
  deadly, late-winter frost
• Second speech given in Feb 1957 that finally
  proves to the people that Mao was serious about
  the policy
• Early expressions werent political, started with
  science

http//filebox.vt.edu/users/jojacks2/words/hundred
flowers.htm
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Maos China

• Hundred Flowers Campaign 1956-1958
• Examples of criticism
• Government ordered creation of ploughs that were
  sitting idle in Southern China (not appropriate
  for the soil)
• Math textbooks replaced with ones including
  communist doctrine but the old ones were better
• Criticisms continue to grow more severe
  eventually denouncing communism

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Maos China

• Hundred Flowers Campaign 1956-1958
• Mao publishes his speech but adds stipulations to
  the publication criticisms are invalid if they
  undermine the CCP
• Mao grows distrustful of the intelligentsia
• Begins an anti-rightist campaign to arrest those
  who use the HFC as a political platform
• Offenders were imprisoned, or "sent down" for
  years of reform through labour

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Maos China

• Hundred Flowers Campaign 1956-1958
• Explanations?
• Mao created the campaign as a trap to purge more
  anti-revolutionaries
• Mao was overconfident when creating the campaign
  thinking people were generally happy and very
  little extreme criticism would arise
• Mao saw the discontent in Eastern Europe to a
  dictatorship and thought he needed to please the
  people to maintain power
• Leads Mao to change strategies if the mind of
  China could not lead its way, maybe the hands
  could

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Maos China

• Great Leap Forward 1958-60
• (5-Years Plan?)
• Goal to modernize Chinas economy to rival the US
• Industry could only prosper if the work force was
  well fed, while the agricultural workers needed
  industry to produce the modern tools needed for
  modernisation

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Maos China

• Great Leap Forward 1958-60
• Farmers belonged to a commune and worked for them
• The commune provided healthcare, education,
  tools, housing, childcare, old age care,
  entertainment
• 12 families in a team with a specific purpose
• Propaganda was pumped through speakers while
  farmers worked the fields
• Increased metal production (backyard production)
  and agriculture

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Maos China

• Great Leap Forward 1958-60
• Problems arise
• CCP will start to give unrealistic goals to the
  communes
• communes dont complain because they will be
  arrested for being anti-communist
• Production quality decreases (industry)
• Workers fell asleep because of long work hours
• Steel was made quickly and was not strong
• Machinery created failed
• Focus on backyard steel production took farmers
  away from fields so food production fell (
  flooding in 1959)
• Coal used for smelting meant less coal for trains

Encouraging steel production
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Maos China

• Great Leap Forward 1958-60
• Significance
• Estimated 9 million died in 1960 due to famine
• 1959-1962 about 20 million die of starvation
• Mao takes blame for the failure and steps down
  from being the head of state
• He remains the CCP leader (title of Chairman)
• Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping take
  over the running of the country
• Great Leap forward ended 1960, privatization of
  land reinstated, farmers encouraged to produce
  more than quotas to sell in free markets
• Mao remains popular with the public
• Leads to the Cultural Revolution for Mao to
  regain power

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Maos China

• Cultural Revolution 1965 - 1968 (-1976?)
• Education produced elitists and there needed to
  be a return to a proletarian focused revolution
• Mao believed that engineers, scientists, factory
  managers were creating a privileged class they
  didnt know about the average lifestyle of the
  majority of Chinese peasants
• Red Guard was created from youths
• purge those who thought they were above others
  and followers of Maos opponent Liu Shaoqi
• Purge of CCP members who didnt support Mao
• Victims were subjected to public criticism,
  humiliation, and physical abuse
• Mao wanted a classless society (peasants and
  educated working together for the greater good of
  China)

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Youths holding the Little Red Book of Maos
writings
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We're so caught up in what today brings we don't
have the time and the space to think seriously
what history really holds out. The government
certainly doesn't encourage people to reflect on
the political implications of the Cultural
Revolution. Academic conferences and intellectual
discussions on those years are still banned. We
also choose to stay away from politics in order
to focus on the pursuit of an affluent material
life. We look at the commercial value of this
unique Red Art from the era, and overlook the
oppression and the suffering behind it.
The picture of me taken when I was three years
old wearing my Mao badge and waving my Little Red
Book never fails to entertain my friends and
colleagues,
Bessie Du http//admin.channel4.com/blogs/page/new
sroom?entrymemories_of_mao
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Maos China

• Cultural Revolution
• Significance
• Red Guards created factions that fought amongst
  each other
• Red Guards destroyed the British Embassy
• Old ideas and old culture destroyed (history
  books, art, buildings, etc)
• Workers and farmers arm themselves against the
  Red Guards
• Liu Shaoqi was ousted from the party
• Ends the Cultural Revolution because Mao had
  achieved his goal of regaining political power
• Mao emerges as godlike to these young people

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Maos China

• Cultural Revolution
• Significance
• Urban youths eventually sent to the countryside
  to learn from peasants
• 1969 government officials and intellectuals were
  sent as to the countryside as well and to study
  Maos teachings
• Families are split up and not allowed to reunite

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Maos China

• Foreign Relations/ Policy

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Invasion of Tibet

• Chinese historical argument that Tibet was united
  with China by the Mongols in 1206
• PRC now had the power and organization to take it
  by force after hundreds of years of debate over
  it
• Chinese troops invade 1949
• China imposes Maoist rule on Tibet
• 1959 Tibetan uprising

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Tibet

• The Chinese occupation led to "an estimated one
  million Tibetans dead from imprisonment and
  starvation. Tibet's 6254 monasteries . . . are
  gutted and in ruins the Tibetan people
  themselves vehemently anti-Chinese." "A flood of
  Chinese immigrants has moved into Tibet, taken
  the best land for destructive, collectivized
  agriculture, decimated the already scarce
  forests, and wantonly slaughtered Tibet's once
  abundant wildlife."
• Dalai Lama flees Tibet

Nissani, M. 1992. Lives in the Balance. Quoted
from http//www.is.wayne.edu/mnissani/world/Tibet.
htm
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Korean War

• UN forces pushed the North Koreans back to the
  Chinese border
• Mao was concerned that their new regime (only a
  few months old at the time) would be threatened
  by the aggressiveness of the U.S. which might
  motivate Chinese "reactionaries.
• If the US had more influence in Korea, they might
  get in between Maos claim for Taiwan
• 1951 China sends about 700,000 troops to begin
  pushing the UN forces back into South Korean
• Chinese were equipped with Russian weapons
• 1953 armistice agreed on between China and the US
• US and China pitted as enemies

An army of Chinese volunteers cross the River
Amrok to fight with the DPRK against their
common foe U.S. invaders.
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Second Indo-China War 1962

• Dispute over border in the Himilayas
• China is successful in taking these disputed
  territories

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Sino-Soviet Relations

• Stalin refused to help Mao during the Japanese
  invasion of WWII
• Stalin was worried about Maos independence and
  therefore might not side with the USSR
• Stalin supported the Kuomintang along with the US
• 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance,
  and Mutual Assistance
• China recognized the USSR as the leader in
  international communist movement
• With Stalins death, Khrushchevs new policies
  (de-Stalinization) were unaligned with Maos
• Mao accused the USSR of splitting from true
  communism
• Khrushchev is reluctant to help Mao with his
  claims on Taiwan

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Sino-Soviet Relations

• USSR had promised to share nuclear information
  with China but they dont live up to that promise
• China proceeds with its own research and develops
  their first nuclear bomb in 1964
• Great Leap Forward rids of Soviet advisors in
  China
• China sees Russia as competition for Communist
  leadership and therefore wants to be independent
  rather than subordinate
• Border disputes arise in the 60s and into the 70s
  resulting in both sides militarizing their shared
  borders
• Soviets forcing Communism in Czechoslovakia
  showed China that Russia was out for domination

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Results of Sino-Soviet Split

• Mao turns to US for a partner
• Invites US table tennis team to play 1971
• October 1971, China entered the U.N. after being
  denied entry from American veto
• Nixon visits in 1972
• Beginning of efforts of economic operations
  between the two countries
• USA kept a massive naval fleet off of Taiwan
• December 1978, President Carter withdrew
  recognition of Taiwan as representing China

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Maos Death 1976

• Two factions were left to fight for control
• Gang of Four radicals that had participated in
  the Cultural Revolution (included Maos widow
  Jian Qing)
• Deng Xiaoping
• New leader of the CCP Hua Guofeng finds out the
  Gang of Four planned a coup against the
  government (Jian Qing tried to forge Maos will)
• Gang of Four is arrested
• From 1978-1982, Deng Xiaoping will gradually take
  power becoming premier (gov) and chair of the
  military (CCP Army)

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Assignment

• Practice Essay
• Read pp 326-332
• Key Question
• Explain (give reasons for) the transformation of
  China in terms of economic change, political
  change, and international relations.

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