Greece: The Beginnings of Western Civilization

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Greece The Beginnings of Western Civilization
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Impact of Geography

• How did geography affect the development of
  Greece?
• In central southern Greece, no one lives more
  than 40 miles from the sea. Plato wrote Like
  frogs around a pond, we have settled around the
  shores of the sea.

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Pindus Mts.
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Pindus Mountains at Delphi
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Olive Groves
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Delphi
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Mt. Olympus Home for the Gods?
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Gulf of Corinth
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Acropolis(Parthenon)
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Athens Acropolis
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Athens Past Meets Present
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Agora at Base of Acropolis
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Agora
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Acropolis and Agora
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Minoans
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Santorini(Atlantis?)
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Cliffs at Thira
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The Kaldeira
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Fisherman Boxers at Akrotiri
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Palace of Knossos
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Labyrinth
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Bull Leaping
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Bull Vase
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Linear B
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Mycenae
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Lions Gate
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Grave Coverings for Infantby Schliemann
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Mask of Agamemnon
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A Wall of Troy (Ilium)
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SW Gate of Troy
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Excavation of Troy
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The Tyrants
Draco
Solon
Cleisthenes
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Vase tells story of Pisistratus fighting for
Athenian Democracy
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Persian Wars
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Marathon Means Fennel?
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Persian Wars

• Herodotus wrote History of the Persian Wars
• Wars began in Ionia about 520 BCE
• Persians conquered the area
• Greeks eventually revolted with help of Athens
• Darius put down revolt and vows revenge on
  Athenians

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• 490 BCE Persian fleet landed at Marathon
• Athenians won
• Sent Pheidippides back to Athens with message
• 10 years later son Xerxes attacks
• Greeks lost at Thermopylae Hot Gates but
  Spartan king Leonidas and 300 soldiers fought to
  last man

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• Battle of Salamis naval battle won by Athens
• Battle of Plataea Spartans beat the remains of
  Persian army
• After war Athens took all the glory became leader
  of Delian League

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Age of Pericles

• Greek culture reaches peak advances in art and
  sciences
• Pericles Athenian general determined to rebuild
  Athens
• Has Parthenon built. Hires Phidias to sculpt
  statue of Athena
• Makes a number of contributions to ATHENS

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Peloponnesian War 431-404 BCE

• Thucydides wrote History of the Peloponnesian
  Wars
• Began as a competition for allies
• Spart and Atens went to war fought off and on
  for 27 years
• Plague swept through Athens killing ¼ of the
  population (including Pericles)
• 4ll BCE Athens suffered internal revolt

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• Persians helped Spartans and they defeated Athens
  in 405 BCE
• Consequences of the war weakened all Greek
  city-states. Destruction of resources, inept
  governments. Left vulnerable to invasion

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Thermopylae Leonidas 300
Herodotus recounted an incident that preceded
the Battle of Thermopylae. The Spartan Dienekes
was told the Persian archers were so numerous
that when they fired their volleys, their arrows
would blot out the sun. He responded with So
much the better, we'll fight in the shade.
Herodotus The Histories, Book Seven, section
226.
Spartans Prepare for the Battle of Thermopylae
Decisive Battles Thermopylae
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Delian League Athenian Empire

• League of Nations/UN
• Protection
• Dues

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Golden Age of Greece(480-430 BCE)

• Hellenic pure Greek style
• ideal beauty, not realism
• harmony, order, balance, proportion
• Sophists
• no absolute truth
• what people see through their senses is the
  source of knowledge
• Man is the measure of all things

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Greek Drama

• Honors Dionysus
• Amphitheatre
• Sophocles Tragedies
• Aristophanes Comedies

Athens City of Slaves Artisans

• Impact on technological innovation?
• Focused on philosophy, beauty, nature

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Discobolos by Myron
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Phidias
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Parthenon
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Peloponnesian War
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Pericles
How does Pericles Funeral Oration compare to
Lincolns Gettysburg Address?
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Philosophers Search for Truth Wisdom!

• Socrates The unexamined life is not worth
  living.
• Plato We can easily forgive a child who is
  afraid of the dark the real tragedy of life is
  when men are afraid of the light.
• Ignorance, the root and the stem of every
  evil.
• Aristotle Republics decline into democracies and
  democracies degenerate into despotisms.

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Philip of Macedon Alexander the Great
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Alexander the Great

• 359 BCE Philip II came to throne of Macedonia
• 337 BCE He temporarily united Greece expect for
  Sparta
• Aristotle became Alexanders tutor
• 336 BCE Philip assassinated at daughters wedding
  (Pausanias hired by Olympia/Alexander?)

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• Alexander conquered Persia, Syria, Egypt,
  Mesopotamia, and as far as the Indus River
• 323 BCE Alexander died in Babylon of a fever at
  age 33

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Alexanders Plan to Create a World Empire

• 1. found new cities as cultural centers
  -Hellenized people, they accepted Greek culture
• 2. Merge Macedonians Persians into one ruling
  race
• 3. Be considered a divine monarch a god king

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• Break-up of Empire
• 1. Antigonus ruled Macedonia
• 2. Ptolemy - Egypt
• 3. Seleucus - Syria

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Hellenism (323-31 BCE)

• Cultural diffusion
• Blend of Greek, Egyptian, Persian and Indian
  cultures
• Realism and movement
• Balance, harmony, symmetry
• Alexandria cosmopolitan city

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Philosophers

• Stoicism show no emotion divine power controls
  universe virtuous life in harmony with natural
  law avoid human desires, power wealth
• Epicureanism happiness comes from good conduct
  and absence of pain harmony of body mind
• Romans Eat, drink and be merry for tomorrow we
  shall die!

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Math Science

• Aristarchus estimated the sun was at least 300x
  larger than the earth disproving earth being
  larger than sun geocentric
• Eratosthenes estimated earths circumference
  (24,662miles), latitude/longitude
• Archimedes estimated Pi Archimedes screw,
  catapults, laws of levers/pulleys
• Ptolemy heliocentric
• Euclid compiled geometry textbook The Elements

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Library Lighthouse of Alexandria
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Venus di Miloby Alexandros of Antioch?
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Winged Goddess of Victory
aka- Nike of Samothrace
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MyMyronron
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Socrates drinking hemlock
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