The

1
The Industrial Revolution
By Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY
2
Late 18c French Economic Advantages

• Napoleonic Code.
• French communal law.
• Free contracts
• Open markets
• Uniform clear commercial regulations
• Standards weights measures.
• Established technical schools.
• The government encouraged honored inventors
  inventions.
• Bank of France ? European modelproviding a
  reliable currency.

3
French Economic Disadvantages

• Years of war
• Supported the AmericanRevolution.
• French Revolution.
• Early 19c ? Napoleonic Wars
• Heavy debts.
• High unemployment ? soldiersreturning from the
  battlefronts.
• French businessmen were afraid to take risks.

4
Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?
5
Industrial England "Workshop of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers!
-- Napoleon Bonaparte
6
The Enclosure Movement
7
Enclosed Lands Today
8
Metals, Woolens, Canals
9
Early Canals
Britains Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
10
Mine Forge 1840-1880

• More powerful than water is coal.
• More powerful than wood is iron.
• Innovations make steel feasible.
• Puddling 1820 pig iron.
• Hot blast 1829 cheaper, purer steel.
• Bessemer process 1856 strong, flexible steel.

11
Coalfields Industrial Areas
12
Coal Mining in Britain1800-1914
1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
13
Young Coal Miners
14
Child Labor in the Mines
Child hurriers
15
British Pig Iron Production
16
Richard ArkwrightPioneer of the Factory System
The Water Frame
17
Factory Production

• Concentrates production in oneplace materials,
  labor.
• Located near sources of power rather than labor
  or markets.
• Requires a lot of capital investmentfactory,
  machines, etc. morethan skilled labor.
• Only 10 of English industry in 1850.

18
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms gt1 million workers
19
The Factory System

• Rigid schedule.
• 12-14 hour day.
• Dangerous conditions.
• Mind-numbing monotony.

20
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
21
British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812
22
Young Bobbin-Doffers
23
Jacquards Loom
24
New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
25
John Kays Flying Shuttle
26
The Power Loom
27
James Watts Steam Engine
28
Steam Tractor
29
Steam Ship
30
An Early Steam Locomotive
31
Later Locomotives
32
The Impact of the Railroad
33
The Great Land Serpent
34
Crystal Palace Exhibition 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
35
Crystal Palace Interior Exhibits
36
Crystal PalaceBritish Ingenuity on Display
37
Crystal PalaceAmerican Pavilion
38
The "Haves" Bourgeois Life Thrived on the
Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution
39
19c Bourgeoisie The Industrial Nouveau Riche
40
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
41
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
42
Upstairs/Downstairs Life
43
The "Have-Nots" The Poor, The Over-Worked, the
Destitute
44
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
45
Industrial Staffordshire
46
Problems of Polution
The Silent Highwayman - 1858
47
The New Industrial City
48
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
49
Worker Housing in Manchester
50
Factory Workers at Home
51
Workers Housing in Newcastle Today
52
The Life of the New Urban Poor A Dickensian
Nightmare!
53
Private Charities Soup Kitchens
54
Private Charities The Lady Bountifuls
55
Protests / Reformers
56
The Luddites 1811-1816
Attacks on the frames power looms.
Ned Ludd a mythical figure supposed to live in
Sherwood Forest
57
The Luddite Triangle
58
The Luddites
59
The Neo-Luddites Today
60
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
BritishSoldiers Fire on BritishWorkersLet
us die like men, and not be sold like slaves!
61
The Chartists
Key
        Chartistsettlements
         Centres of Chartism
      Area of plug riots, 1842
62
The Peoples Charter

• Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
• Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the
  inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.

• Votes for all men.
• Equal electoral districts.
• Abolition of the requirement that Members of
  Parliament MPs be property owners.
• Payment for Members of Parliament.
• Annual general elections.
• The secret ballot.

63
The Chartists
A female Chartist
A physical forceChartists arming for the fight.
64
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

• Give manufactures more outlets for their
  products.
• Expand employment.
• Lower the price of bread.
• Make British agriculture more efficient and
  productive.
• Expose trade and agriculture to foreign
  competition.
• Promote international peace through trade
  contact.

65
New Ways of Thinking
66
Thomas Malthus

• Population growth willoutpace the food supply.
• War, disease, or faminecould control
  population.
• The poor should have less children.
• Food supply will then keep up with population.

67
David Ricardo

• Iron Law of Wages.
• When wages are high,workers have morechildren.
• More children create alarge labor surplus
  thatdepresses wages.

68
The UtilitariansJeremy Bentham John Stuart
Mill

• The goal of society is the greatest good for the
  greatest number.
• There is a role to play for government
  intervention to provide some social safetynet.

69
Jeremy Bentham
70
The Socialists Utopians Marxists

• People as a society would operate and own
  themeans of production, not individuals.
• Their goal was a society that benefited
  everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
• Tried to build perfect communities utopias.

71
Br. Govt. Response to the Dislocation Created
by Industrialization
72
Government Response

• Abolition of slavery in the coloniesin 1832 to
  raise wages in Britain.
• Sadler Commission to look intoworking conditions
• Factory Act 1833 child labor.
• New Poor Law 1834 indoor relief.
• Poor houses.
• Reform Bill 1832 broadens thevote for the
  cities.

73
British Reform Bill of 1832
74
British Reform Bills
75
The Results of Industrialization at the end of
the 19c
76
By 1850 Zones of Industrializationon the
European Continent

• Northeast France.
• Belgium.
• The Netherlands.
• Western German states.
• Northern Italy
• East Germany ? Saxony

77
Industrialization By 1850
78
Railroads on the Continent
79
Share in World Manufacturing Output 1750-1900
80
The Politics of Industrialization

• State ownership of some industries.
• RRs ? Belgium most of Germany.
• Tariffs ? British Corn Laws.
• National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing
  bank notes.
• Bank of England.
• Bank of France.
• Companies required to register with the
  government publish annual budgets.
• New legislation to
• Establish limited liability.
• Create rules for the formation of corporations.
• Postal system.
• Free trade zones ? Ger. Zollverein

81
Bibliographic Sources

• Images of the Industrial Revolution.Mt.
  Holyoke College. http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/
  rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html
• The Peel Web A Web of English
  History.http//dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eig
  ht/primary.htm