BLOOD

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BLOOD
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??CONSTRUCTION

• Plasma (I.M.) 55
• Hemocytes(cells)45
• erythrocytes
• leucocytes
• blood platelets
• hematocrit(packed red cell volume,?????) 45

Plasma
Leucocytes Platelets
Erythrocyte
using anticoagulants
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components same as that of plasma but fibrinogen
1. Plasma
Serum

• 90 water albumin
• 10 others fibrinogen
• plasma pr. enzymes
• Ig. etc.
• Lipid
• hormones
• Vitamins
• inorganic salts
• metabolites

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• blood smear stains
• w/ Wright or Giemsa

?????(Wrights stain) ??????(Giemsa )??
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????
O2
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blood smear
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
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BLOOD CELLS

• Erythrocytes 4.25.51012/L(M)
• 3.55.01012/L(F)
• Hb 120150g/L(M)105135g/L(F)
• Leukocytes 410109/L
• neutrophils
  5070
• Granulocytes eosinophils 0.53
• basophils
  01
• Agranulocytes lymphocytes 2030
• monocytes 38
• Platelets 100300109/L

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Erythrocyte

• biconcave discs,
• 7.58.5µm,flexible
• no nuclei,no organelles
• rich in Hb105150g/L
• blood group (ABO Rh)

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?? ??
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PLASMALEMMA
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SPECTRIN
ACTIN FILAMENTS
?????
RBC CYTOSKELETON
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Function

• Binding transporting O2 and CO2

In lungs
In organs tissues
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Pathology

• AnemiaR.B.C lt 31012/L or Hblt 100g/L
• megaloblastic anemia(?????) gt9 µm
• iron deficiency anemia (?????) lt6 µm
• Osmotic stress abnormal
• hypotonic(??) RBC swelling hemolysis
  (remain ghost??)
• hypertonic (??) RBC collapsing

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• Reticulocytes

• 0.51.5
• containing ribosomes
• Mit. (stained by
• brilliant cresyl blue)
• increase in anemia
• Indicator of hematopo-
• ietic capacity of the bone
• marrow.

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Leukocytes

• Spherical, nucleate colorless
• Contain specific or nonspecific gralules
• Amoeboid movement
• Phagocytosis except
• for lymphocytes
• Involved in defense
• against foreign materials

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• Leukocytes 410109/L
• neutrophil 50
  70
• Granulocyte eosinophil 0.53
• basophil 0
  1
• Agranulocyte lymphocyte 20 30
• monocyte 3
  8

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A. Neutrophils

• D1012µm
• Nuclear
• polymorphous
• 25 lobes
• increase w/ the age of the cells.
• Specific Granules 80, fine (0.30.4µm )
• neutrophilic
  (light reddish)
• Azurophilic granules 20, larger, purple
• (?????)

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E.M.

• S.G.
•      medium-dense
• containing A.K.P,
• phagocytins
• lysozymes
• A.G.
• lysosomes
• containing A.C.P.
• peroxidase

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Function

• Mobility(chemotaxis)
• Attracted by polymorpho-
• nuclear chemotactic factor
• (released by macrophages)
• Phagocytose destroy bacteria
• the number of leukocytes? acute
• the of neutrophils? bacteria
  infection
• cell mark peroxidase and CD15

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B. Eosinophilis

• D 1015µm
• Nu. 2 5 lobes
• S.G. uniformity,
• large (0.51.0µm ),
• bright red or orange
• (acidophilic)

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E.M.

• S.G. ovoid, w/ granule matrix a elongated
  crystalloid core
• Containing acid phosphatase,
• peroxidase,
• histaminase.

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Function

• Chemotaxis attracted by chemotactic factor from
  the mast cells
• Phagocytize foreign bodies, Ag-Ab complex
• Release histaminase inactivate histamine for
  weakening allergic reaction
• Antiparasite    
• It is increased in patients infected w/
  allergic reaction or parasite

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C. Basophilics

• D 10 12µm
• Nucleus irregular
• or S-shaped
• S.G. large (various
• size), basophilic (dark
• blue), cover nuclear,
• distribute unevenly
• metachromasia

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EM FN

• E.M.
• S.G. w/ fine grains,
• containing heparin,
• histamine,
• leukotriene
• F.N.
• anticoagulate
• responsible to
• allergic reaction

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D. Monocytes

• Largest, 1420µm,
• bluish-grey staining
• Nu. kidney- or
• horseshoe-shaped w/
• delicate net-like
• Chromatin
• Cytoplasm abundant,
• gray blue, w/ fine
• azurophilic granules

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• E.M
• A.G. lysosomes (peroxidase, A.C.P.,
• non-specific esterase) Phagocytic vacuoles
• F.N.
• amoeboid movement
• obvious chemotaxis
• Phagocytosis (mono-
• nuclear phagocytic
• system, MPS)
• differentiate into
• macrophage (out B.V.)
• mark CD14

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E. Lymphocytes

• 3 types small 68µm
• medium-sized 912µm
• large 1320µm
• Small lymphocyte(90)
• LM Round or ovoid
• Nu. sphericity w/ indentation,
• condensed chromatin, dark
• staining.
• Cytoplasm scanty, as a thin
• rim in light-blue w/ azurophilic
• granules lacking peroxidase

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Classification Function

• Classification function
• T-Cell 75 cellular
  immunity
• B-Cell 10-15 humoral immunity
• large granule lymphocyte
• (K NK cell)
• based on the source, characteristics on
• cellular membrane, life function
• immunological defence

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Blood platelets

• Megakaryocyte s fragment, in clumps
• LM 24µm,disc-like
• or irregular, anucleated.
• Two regions
• ? Granulomere centrally-
• located, purple-blue granules.
• ? Hyalomere peripherally
• located, in light-blue.

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E.M.

• ? cell coat rich in
• GAG glycoproteins
• associated to platelet
• adhesion
• ?M.T. system
• a. opening tubule system to increase the
  surface area for platelet adhesion.
• b. dense tubule system sER , support, collect
  Ca 2 and synthesize prostaglandin

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• ?actin-like M.F
• mobile.
• ? granules
• a. agranules (special granules) containing
  blood clotting factors (12 types found so far),
  fibrinogen acidic hydrolases.
• b. dense granules serotonin (5-HT), ADP, ATP,
  Ca2 adrenine

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Function

• 1. Hemostasia collagenous fiber in injure area
• platelet release serotonin
  contraction
• of b.v. slow stop bleeding.
• 2. Coagulation thrombogen
• coagulation factor III
• thrombase
• Fibrinogen Fibrin
• hemocyte coagulation
• 3. Protect blood vessel endothelium, repairing
  endothelium, prevent atherosclerosis(????)

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??Hematopoiesis

• Hematopoietic organ
• yolk sac (early embryo) ?Liver / spleen
  (6w5m) ? bone marrow (4m and after)
• Structure of bone marrow
• red bone marrow hematopoietic tissue
• blood
  sinusoid
• yellow bone marrow adipose tissue
• immature
  hemocyte

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Red bone marrow

• hematopoietic tissue
• reticular c.t. hemocytes in various stage,
  macrophages, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells
• blood sinusoid
• discontinuous endothelia,
• incomplete BM

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Hemopoietic stem cell (HSP) and Hemopoietic
progenitor cell (HPC)

• Hemopoietic stem cell
• self-replication
• powerful proliferation
• potency
• multi-differentiation
• Potency
• MarkCD34, CDw90

Hemopoietic progenitor c. Unipotential or
bipotential Produce mature blood c.
Erythron granulocyte series monocyte
series megakaryocyte series
Lymphocytes derived from lymphatic organs
tissues
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Erythrocyte series
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Neutrophilic series
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Morphologic criteria of haemopoiesis

• ? Stages the original stage
  the infant stage the
  mature stage ? Cell volume?, megakaryocytes?
  ? cytoplasm ?,ratio of Nu./ cytoplasm?

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• ? Nucleus
• size?(RBC abesent megakaryocytes?)
• nucleoli number size?, until disappear
• chromatin fine scanty ? coarse dense
• staining pale ? deep
• ? S.G in granulocytes Hb in erythrocytes?
• other organelles in red cell?until disappear
• ? mitotic ability?, until disappear(but
• 
  lymphocyte)

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Question
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BYE BYE