Microbiology in the Biological World

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Microbiology in the Biological World
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• Why study Microbiology?
• 1. Helps us to understand
  life forms by understanding
  ones.
• 2. of infectious diseases (Small pox, Typhoid
  fever, Cholera).
• 3. Various .

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• Evolution of Microbiology
• was the first to
  observe the microscopic world with a 3X
  microscope (1632-1723).
• - Observed cork
  termed the word
• .

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• 2. Theory of Spontaneous Generation (SG).
  Organisms appeared out of no where.
• Ex. If meat was left out flies appeared.
• A. - disproved (SG) in higher organisms but not
  in microorganisms.
• B. - supported (SG) in microorganisms.
• After sterilization (Boiling) microorganisms
  still arouse.
• C. - disproved (SG) by conducting an experiment
  using bottle swan neck flask.
• Proved that dust must carry microorganisms.
• D. - dust carries bacteria that can grow after
  heating - - heat stable form of bacteria.

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• 3. Fermentation
• - First problem as a microbiologist was to
  discover why the production of alcohol from sugar
  beets would occasionally produce lactic acid.
• DISCOVERED two types of bacteria
• - required for
  survival
• - does require
  oxygen

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• 4. Germ Theory
• 1834 - first time disease was linked to an
  microorganism.
• A. - disease in silk worm was a
  result in a fungus infection.
• B. - 1865 - similar work.
• C. - credited with the first
  attempt to prevent post surgical infection by
  using diluted phenol.
• D. - developed rules to establish a
  cause effect relationship between an
  microorganism a disease.
• Kochs Postulates
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.

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Microbiology Stepping Stones
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• Divisions of Microbiology
• 1. - study
  of microorganisms that cause disease in humans
  animals.
• 2. -
  reaction of a host to the infection.
• 3. -alcohol
  beverages, antibodies.
• 4. - harmful
  or beneficial to the production of agricultural
  products.
• 5. -
  recombinant DNA. Human insulin. Synthesis of
  vaccine.

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• Medical Microbiology Past Triumphs
• 1. Small Pox Viral disease - 10 million peopled
  died
• No cases reported since 1977
• 2. Bubonic Plague Bacterial Disease - 25 million
  people died
• 100 people die/year from it

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• Future Challenges
• Not all diseases are under control.
• 1. million cases of infections
  /year in US (22,000 deaths)
• 2. Lyme disease,
  , AIDS, Hantavirus.
• 3. New diseases may emerge (
  ).
• 4. Old diseases are on the increase in US
• A. Travelers from foreign countries - 1 in 5
  vistors come from a country with Malaria,
  Yellow fever, Cholera.
• B. Resistant microbes.
• C. Medicines are increasing the life span,
  therefore immune system weakens in elderly
  people.
• D. Children in developing countries were under
  controlled (mumps, whooping cough, measles).
  Parents lax about vaccinating children.

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• Cell Theory
• 1. Cell is the fundamental unit of life cells
  come from pre-existing cells (1839 - Schleiden
  Schwann).
• Similarity in Function Composition of Cells
• All cells have the same problems
• 1. Reproduce
  copies of itself.
• 2. Obtain use
  for reproduction.
• Solutions
• 1. - protein molecules to speed
  up chemical reactions.
• 2. - genetic information.
• 3. - protein synthesis.
• 4. - energy.
• 5. - help enzymes.
• 6. - building blocks of proteins.

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• Origin of Life
• First form of life appeared about
  .
• Earths environment
• High temperature, ,
  lighting catalyzed to formed amino
  acids (AA).
• Proven by
• Conducted experiments where he replicated early
  Earths environment by inducing a spark
  s were formed.
• Eventually over time
• gt gt
  gt
• Other organic compounds were mixed in until a
  being developed capable of directing synthesis of
  simple organic molecules.
• In time self replication -
  .

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Prokaryotic
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• First cells were Prokaryotes, then over time
  developed into Eukaryotes.
• Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
• No intracellular . 1.
  Intracellular membranes present
  (organelles).
• 2. present with 2. Cell
  membrane always
• . present with cell
  .
• 3. . 3.
  .
• DNA not separated DNA was separated
  from the rest from the rest of of the cell.
• the cell
• 4. DNA - 4. DNA -proteins
  
• 5. DNA continuous thread. 5. DNA
  separated into chromosomes. of
  chromosomes dependent on the
  species.
• 6. Reproduce - 6.
  Reproduction Binary
  fission. .

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Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
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Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
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• Prokaryotes can be divided into two major groups.
• 1. (true bacteria)
• 2. - grow in hostile
  environments, but little micorbiolgical
  importance.
• Microbial world
• study of all
  prokaryotes unicellular eukaryotes.
• Kingdom Monerans and Archaebacteria
• - Algae Protozoans
• Reproduction sexual asexual
• - smaller than
  protozoans are the major cause of diseases.
• Cyanobacteria - photosynthesis
• - large
  multicellular eukaryote worms (flat round).

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Domains
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• - filamentous
  unicellular eukaryotic cells. Some cause
  diseases.
• - 1 cell fungus,
  budding spores, breads alcoholic beverages, few
  produce human diseases.
• - Multicellular,
  asexual sexual spores, flavor fine cheeses, few
  produce human diseases.
• Infectious Agents
• - Smallest known
  disease agent.
• DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.
  Bacteriophages - infect bacteria.
• - small piece of RNA
  that does not have a protein coat.
• - Proteins without
  DNA or RNA.

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Microbial world
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Microbial world
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Microbial world
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Cell Size