Lymphatic System and Immunity

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Lymphatic System and Immunity
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Fluid Leaves Capillary
Cells
Blood
Blood Capillary
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Capillaries
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Functions of Lymphatic System

• Drain fluid from around cells
• Absorb fat from intestines
• Circulate lymph
• Filter lymph
• Immunity

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Lymph

• Fluid of the lymphatic system
• Similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid

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Lymphatic Vessels

• Transport lymph
• Lymph is returned to the circulatory system at
  either the right or left subclavian veins

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Lymph Nodes

• Filter lymph
• Microorganisms
• Cancer cells
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes

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Thymus

• Programs some lymphocytes to develop into T-cells

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Spleen

• Filters blood
• Worn out RBC
• Bacteria
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes

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Fluid Movement
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Edema

• Accumulation of interstitial fluid

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Causes of Edema

• Blockage of lymphatic system
• Increased pressure in veins
• Lack of albumin
• Decreases fluid returning to blood capillaries by
  osmosis
• Inflammation

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Nonspecific Body Defenses

• Skin
• Acid
• Stomach
• Vagina
• Mucus
• Saliva
• Tears

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More Nonspecific Defenses

• Phagocytosis
• Complement
• Fever
• Inflammation

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Complement
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Inflammation

• Bodies response to tissue injury
• Classic signs
• Heat
• Redness
• Swelling
• Pain

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Skin
Blood
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Tissue Damaged
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Histamine Released
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Capillary More Permeable
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Capillary More Permeable
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Capillary More Permeable
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Wall of Fibrin Forms
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Pus Forms
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Steroid Hormones

• Hydrocortisone, cortisone and others
• Depress inflammation
• Used to treat inflammatory diseases
• Rheumatoid arthritis

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Antigens

• Molecules often found in the membrane of cells
• Antigens of foreign cells stimulate an immune
  response

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Self Antigens

• Antigens of our own cells
• Do not cause an immune response in our body
• Usually cause an immune response in another
  person
• MHC proteins
• Major Histocompatibility Complex

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Cells of the Immune System

• APCs
• Antigen-presenting cells
• B cells
• B lymphocytes
• T cells
• T lymphocytes

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Antigen-Presenting Cells

• Macrophages
• Engulf foreign cells and attach the cells
  antigens on their MHC proteins

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Lymphocytes
B Cells
T Cells
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B Cell
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Cytotoxic T Cell Killer T Cell
Receptor
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Helper T Cell
Receptor
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Antigen-Presenting CellAPC

• Macrophages and other cells
• Engulfs and digests foreign cells
• Present antigens on MHC proteins to T cells

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B Cells

• Lymphocytes that react directly with antigens
• Require stimulation from Helper T Cells
• Offspring become
• Plasma cells
• Memory B cells
• Humoral Immunity

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Plasma Cells

• Produce huge numbers of antibodies
• 2000/second

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Helper T Cell

• Reacts with antigen from APC
• Stimulates Cytotoxic T Cells and B Cells
• Secretes Interleukin II

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Cytotoxic T Cells

• Activated by antigens on any body cell
• Require stimulation from Helper T Cells
• Destroys body cells infected with viruses
• Destroys cancer cells
• Cellular Immunity

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Memory Cells

• T Cells and B Cells
• Remember antigen
• React to a second invasion of an antigen more
  rapidly

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Suppressor T Cells

• Stops T cells and B cells after an infection has
  been conquered

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Cytokines

• Chemicals used in cellular immunity
• Interleukin I
• Produced by macrophages
• Stimulates helper T cells
• Interleukin II
• Produced by helper T cells
• Perforin
• Causes lysis of target cell

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Virus
Protein Coat
DNA or RNA
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Virus Attaches to Body Cell
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Viral DNA Enters Host
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Protein Coats Synthesized
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Viral DNA Synthesized
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Viruses Exit Cell
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Host Cell Killed by Virus
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Interferon Produced by Dying Cell
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

• HIV Virus
• Attacks and destroys Helper T Cells
• Depresses humoral and cellular immunity

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The End