LAN/WAN%20Networking:%20An%20Overview

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LAN/WAN NetworkingAn Overview

• Chapter 1

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Learning Objectives

• Define and identify the different types of
  networks
• Describe the history of LANs and WANs
• Discuss LAN and WAN integration, including the
  basic functions of bridges, routers, gateways,
  and switches
• Describe network protocol integration methods
• Explain the preparatory steps of network design

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Computer Network

• System of computers, print devices, and computer
  software linked by communications cabling or
  radio waves
• Typically classified according to
• Reach and complexity
• Protocols and topologies

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Network Communication
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Network Types Defined

• Local area networks
• Metropolitan area networks
• Wide area networks

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Local Area Network (LAN)

• Series of interconnected computers, printing
  devices, and other computer equipment that share
  hardware and software resources
• Service area usually limited to a given office
  area, floor, or building

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Example of a LAN
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Metropolitan Area Network

• Links multiple LANs in a large city or
  metropolitan region
• Typically uses fiber-optic connections

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Example of a MAN
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Wide Area Network (WAN)

• Far-reaching system of networks that usually
  extends over 30 miles and often reaches across
  states and continents

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Network Classification

• Enterprise network
• Combination of LANs, MANs, or WANs that provides
  users with an array of computer and network
  resources to complete different tasks

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Enterprise Network
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Identifying a Network Type

• Communications medium
• Wire cable, fiber-optic cable, radio waves,
  microwaves
• Protocol
• How networked data is formatted into discrete
  units
• How each unit is transmitted and interpreted
• Topology
• Physical layout of cable and logical path
• Network type
• Private versus public

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Events that Led up to LANs and WANs

• 1800s
• Oersted
• Morse
• Undersea cable
• Pony Express
• Bell

• 1900s
• Transcontinental and transatlantic calls
• Voice digitization
• Electronic digital computers
• Transistors
• Sputnik
• Communications satellites
• ASCII
• Mass-produced minicomputers

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LAN/WAN History 1960s

• First WAN
• Hypertext
• Use of fiber optics for phone signals
• Beginning of ARPANET
• Packets and packet switching
• UNIX
• Telecommunications equipment
• First IMP prototype

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LAN/WAN History 1970s

• Ethernet
• ARPANET - 15 sites
• E-mail
• Terminal emulation
• International connections to ARPANET

• Telecommunications conversion from analog to
  digital
• X.25
• First wireless gateway
• Internet Protocol
• LSI and VLSI chips
• ICCB

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LAN/WAN History 1980s

• BITNET
• IBMs PC
• Dial-up modem technology
• TCP and IP adopted as protocol suite for ARPANET
• First PC LAN
• Arrival of Internet

• Internetwork hosts
• 5,000 in 1986
• 100,000 in 1989
• Cyberspace
• T-carrier services
• NFSNET
• Desktop authoring and multimedia
• SNMP

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LAN/WAN History 1990s

• ARPANET retired
• SS7 technology
• NSFNET opened to commercial use
• First cyber-bank
• Internet service providers
• Over 16 million Internet hosts

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LAN/WAN History 2000s

• IPv6 used for Internet2 backbone communications
• Video and radio capability
• Prices of 1-Gbps devices fall as competition
  increases

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LAN/WAN Integration

• 1960s-1980s
• Direct connection to host mainframe using Systems
  Network Architecture (SNA) communications
  protocol
• Networks
• Allow connections to many devices
• Enable distributed client/server computing

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Using SNA to Directly Connect without a Network
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LAN/WAN Integration

• Becoming more advanced through networking devices
• Bridges
• Routers
• Gateways
• Switches

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Bridges

• Connect different LANs or LAN segments using the
  same access method

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Routers

• Connect networks having the same or different
  access methods and media
• Forward packets and frames to networks by using a
  decision-making process based on
• Routing table data
• Discovery of most efficient routes
• Preprogrammed information from network
  administrator

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Routers
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Gateways

• Enable communications between two different types
  of networked systems

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Gateways
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Switches

• Link network segments
• Forward and filter frames between segments

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Integrating Data Between LANs and WANs

• Translation
• Encapsulation
• LAN emulation (LANE)

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Network Design Introduction

• How networks work in terms of protocols, access
  methods, and topologies
• Physical equipment used in LANs and WANs
• Basic network design principles
• Using structured wiring and structured networking
  techniques
• Designing for multimedia and client/server
  applications
• Taking advantage of LAN and WAN device
  characteristics

continued
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Network Design Introduction

• Assess characteristics of the organization that
  affect network design
• Types and locations of computers
• Software applications and resources required
• Business patterns
• High and low network use periods
• Designing to facilitate troubleshooting
• Type of security required
• Anticipated growth

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Chapter Summary

• Basic networking terms and concepts
• History and evolution of local and wide area
  networking technologies
• Different methods of integrating short and long
  distance information networks
• How to prepare for designing networks