Vertebrate Tissues

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Vertebrate Tissues
OMHS Human Anatomy and Physiology Class
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Tissues

• Groups of cells that have specialized structural
  and functional roles.
• 4 basic types of tissues epithelial, connective,
  muscle, and nervous.

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Classification of Tissues

• Based upon shapes, arrangements, and functions
• Simple single layer
• Stratified many layers
• Cuboidal cube shaped
• Columnar elongated shape
• Squamous - flattened

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A. Epithelial Tissue

• Protects, secretes, absorbs.
• Cover body surfaces, cover and line internal
  organs, compose glands.
• Always has a free surface (an exposed surface).

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Epithelial Cont.

• Anchored to connective tissue by non-living layer
  called the basement membrane.
• Lack blood vessels.
• Readily divide (injuries heal rapidly).
• Cells are tightly packed to form a good barrier.

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SimpleSquamous Epithelium

• Single layer of thin, flat cells.
• Allows for rapid diffusion of substances also
  filtration, osmosis.
• Found in alveoli of lungs and lines inside of
  blood vessels.
• Thin and delicate, easily damaged.

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SimpleSquamous Epithelium
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SimpleCuboidal Epithelium

• Single layer of cube-shaped cells.
• Absorption secretion.
• Lines kidney tubules, etc.

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SimpleCuboidal Epithelium
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SimpleColumnar Epithelium

• Single layer of tall, narrow cells.
• Lines most organs of digestive tract.
• Secretes digestive fluids absorbs nutrients
  from food.

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SimpleColumnar Epithelium
Often have microvilli and secrete mucous.
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Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

• Single row of cells- not all reach the free
  surface, but each cell borders the basement
  membrane.
• Protects, secretes, moves mucous.
• Lines respiratory system - mucous traps dust,
  etc cilia moves mucous out.

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Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Cilia
Goblet Cells- secrete mucus
Basement Membrane
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium

• Many layers of cells cells divide in deeper
  layers and push older cells outward.
• Layering protection (prevents water loss and
  entry of chemicals, micro-organisms, etc.).
• Forms epidermis lines throat mouth.

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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Basement Membrane
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Transitional epithelium

• Changes in response to tension (can stretch).
• Inner lining of bladder.
• Protects prevents contents of urinary tract
  from diffusing back into internal environment.

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Glandular Epithelium

• Cells that are specialized to produce and secrete
  substances.
• Usually found within cuboidal or columnar
  epithelia.

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4 Basic Tissue Types

• Connective Tissue
• Supports, binds together, protects.
• Most widely distributed tissue in body.
• Usually well-vascularized.
• Has a matrix - material between cells
• Consists of fibers and a ground substance.

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(continued)

• 2 types of fibers
• Collagenous fibers - thick threads of protein
  (collagen) flexible hold things together white
  fibers.
• Elastic fibers - made of protein called elastin
  weaker than c.f. but stretch easily vocal cords
  yellow fibers.

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1. Loose connective tissue (Areolar Tissue)

• Cells are mainly fibroblasts (cells that produce
  fibers in the matrix).
• Matrix gel-like ground substance and many
  collagen and elastin fibers.
• Binds skin to organs fills space between
  muscles.
• Has many blood vessels that nourish nearby
  epithelial cells.

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Loose Connective Tissue
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2. Adipose Tissue (fat)

• Made up of cells that store fat.
• Beneath skin between muscles around kidneys
  surface of heart around joints.
• Cushions joints and organs.
• Insulates.
• Stores energy.

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Adipose Tissue

• Large, empty-looking cells with thin margins
  nucleus pressed against cell membrane.

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3. Dense Connective Tissue

• Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers (white)
  with only a few fibroblasts.
• Very strong makes up tendons and ligaments.
• Low blood supply? injuries slow to heal.

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Dense Connective Tissue
fibroblasts
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4. Cartilage

• Cartilage cells chondrocytes.
• Chondrocytes occupy small chambers called
  lacunae.
• a. Hyaline Cartilage
• Very fine collagen fibers in matrix? looks like
  glass.
• Found on ends of bones, soft part of nose, rings
  that support airway, fetal skeleton.

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Hyaline Cartilage
lacunae
Chondrocyte
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b. Elastic Cartilage

• Web-like mesh of elastic fibers.
• Provides flexible, elastic support.
• External ear and parts of larynx.

Chondrocyte
Lacunae
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c. Fibrocartilage

• Very tough, contains many collagen fibers.
• Absorbs shock.
• Found in meniscus of knee, intervertebral discs,
  etc.

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Fibrocartilage
lacunae
chondrocyte
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5. Bone

• Hardness due to mineral salts and many collagen
  fibers in matrix.
• Matrix deposited in layers called lamellae around
  tubes called Haversian canals.
• Haversian canals contain blood vessels.

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Bone (cont.)

• Bone cells are called osteocytes located in
  lacunae (chambers) spread out between lamellae.
• Support, attachment for muscles, mineral storage,
  protection (cranial thoracic cavities), forms
  blood cells.
• Found in skeleton.

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Bone
Haversian Canal
Osteocytes in lacunae
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Bone
Haversian canal
Osteocyte
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6. Blood

• Transports materials throughout body helps
  maintain homeostasis.
• Matrix is fluid (called plasma).

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Blood
Leucocytes
Thrombocytes
Erythrocytes
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C. Muscle Tissue

• Made up of elongated cells (muscle fibers) that
  can contract.
• Functions in movement of body parts.
• 3 types
• Skeletal Muscle
• Smooth Muscle
• Cardiac Muscle

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Skeletal Muscle

• Multi-nucleated striated light and dark bands.
• Voluntary can be controlled by conscious
  effort.
• Found attached to bones.

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Skeletal Muscle
striations
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Smooth Muscle

• One nucleus unstriated.
• Found walls of hollow internal organs- such as
  esophagus, intestines, stomach, blood vessels,
  etc.
• Involuntary.
• Move food through digestive tract, blood through
  blood vessels, etc.

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Smooth Muscle
Nuclei
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Cardiac Muscle

• Striated, one nucleus, branched.
• Has intercalated disks (where cells are
  connected).
• Involuntary.
• Found only in the heart.
• Pumps blood through heart chambers and into blood
  vessels.

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Cardiac Muscle
Intercalated disc
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D. Nerve Tissue

• Sensory reception and conduction of nerve
  impulses allows for communication and
  coordination of body functions.
• Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves.
• Cells are called neurons.

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Nerve Tissue
Cell Body
Nucleus
Axon
Dendrites
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How well do you know your body tissue types?
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Essay Questions

• What essay questions can you think of that would
  be a good assessment of your learning for this
  unit?
• How would you..?
• What would result if..?
• Describe how
• Compare and contrast
• Why do you think?