Human Anatomy

1
Human Anatomy

• Skin, Bones, and Muscles
• Ch 27 ? Ch 33

2
Organ Systems

• Integumentary system.
• Includes the largest organ in your body . . . .
• Skin important for maintaining homeostasis.
• Internal physiological stability.

3
Skin Structure

• Two main layers
• Epidermis outermost layer, consists of mostly
  dead cells that continuously shed
• Also contains melanin skin pigment

4
Skin Structure cont.

• Dermis below epidermis, made of fibrous
  connective tissue
• Gives skin its strength and elasticity
• Contains hair follicles, sweat glands, nerves,
  blood vessels

5
Skin Structure cont.

• Hypodermis is below the dermis.
• Hypodermic needles
• Hair and nails
• Made of a protein called keratin.

6
Skeletal System

• 206 bones and connective tissues ligaments and
  cartilage
• At birth humans have 270 bones, but many of these
  fuse together during growth.

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Functions

• Support holds up the body, gives muscles a
  place to attach
• Protection rib cage, spine, skull protect
  important organs.
• Produces blood cells
• Storage of emergency calcium and fat

8
Structure of Bone

• Spongy bone and compact bone

9
Structure cont.

• Compact bone
• Osteocytes (bone cells) need nourishment too!!
• Central cavity contains yellow marrow - fat

10
Structure cont.

• Spongy bone contains red marrow in places.
• This is where red and white blood cells are made.

11
Development

• In the second month, bone starts to form where
  before the embryo only had cartilage.
• Cartilage ? bone ossification

12
Growth

• Bone growth takes place at both ends of the bone.
• These regions are called epiphyseal plates.
• These plates contain a layer of cartilage that
  undergoes mitosis.

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Growth cont.

• Cell division causes cartilage to grow, bones
  lengthen as cells ossify.
• Although bones continue to grow in width
  throughout life, growth in length stops at around
  25, or sooner.

14
Joints

• The point where bones meet.
• Can be moveable or immovable.
• Four main types of joints
• Hinge -- elbow, knee
• Pivot -- neck
• Ballandsocket -- hip, shoulder
• Gliding carpels and tarsals

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Joints (continued)

• Cartilage and a lubricant called synovial fluid
  keep joints moving smoothly.

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Joints (continued)

• Ligaments hold bones together.
• A stretch or tear of a ligament is called a
  sprain.

17
Bone Diseases

• Arthritis joints become swollen and painful,
  different types.
• Rheumatoid arthritis cartilage gets inflammed,
  ossifies, limits movement.

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Bone Diseases cont.

• Osteoarthritis cartilage wears away and bones
  rub together.
• Osteoporosis Losing bone density as one gets
  older.

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Bones You Need 2 Know

• Skull head, noggin, melon, noodle, bean
• Vertebrae spine
• Clavicle collar bone
• Scapula shoulder blade
• Sternum breast bone
• Ribs good with BBQ sauce.

20
More Bones to Know

• Humerus upper arm bone, think funny bone
• Ulna elbow to pinkie finger
• Radius next to ulna,
• inner elbow to thumb, twisty
• Carpels wrist
• Metacarpels - hand

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More Bones

• Pelvis hips
• Femur thigh bone
• Patella knee bone
• Tibia Shin
• Fibula next to tibia, bump on your ankle

22
Bones cont.

• Tarsals ankle bones
• Metatarsals feet bones
• Phalanges fingers and toes