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(Process Management)

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Title: 4 Author: Last modified by: Created Date: 2/9/1999 7:28:53 AM Document presentation format: Company – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: (Process Management)


1
?2? ???? ??(Process Management)
  • ???? ???? ????, the unit of work(???? ????)
  • CPU time, memory, files, I/O devices -gt ??
  • 1. user process(??? ????) - user code ??
  • 2. system process(??? ????) - system code ??
  • ???? ??
  • user process(??? ????)? system process(??? ?????
    ??? ??
  • ???? ????
  • ?????? ??? ?? ??
  • ?????? ?? ??
  • ?????? ????(deadlock)??

2
?4? ????(Processes)
  • ?? 1 program ?? -gt ??? multiple program? ?? ??

4.1 ???? ??(Process Concept)
  • ??
  • job batch system
  • task time-sharing system
  • process
  • ????(The Process)
  • ???? ?? ?? ??(Current activity)
  • PC(Program Counter)
  • ???? ?
  • ??(stack) -????, ????, ????, ???? ?
  • ??? ??(data section)- ????
  • ???? ??(Process State)
  • ??(new)
  • ??(running) - CPU? ??
  • ??(waiting) - I/O??? signal ???
  • ??(ready) - Processor? ?? ??? ?
  • ??(terminated)
  • p99 ?? 4.1

3
4.1 ???? ??(Process Concept)
cont.
  • ???? ?? ??(Process Control Block)
  • ? ????? PCB? ???
  • PCB p100 ?? 4.2
  • ???? ?? new, ready, running, waiting, halted
  • ???? ??? next instruction? ??
  • CPU????? accumulator, index register, stack
    pointers, ?? registers, condition-code
  • CPU??? ?? priority, pointers to scheduling
    queues
  • ??? ?? ?? base and limit registers, page tables,
    segment tables
  • ?? ?? time used, time limits, account numbers,
    job, process
  • ??? ?? ?? I/O devices list allocated to the
    process, list of open files

4
4.2 ???? ????(Process Scheduling)
  • ???? ?(Scheduling Queues)
  • p102 ?? 4.4
  • job queue(?? ?) memory ?? ???? ?(disk??)
  • ready queue(?? ?) CPU? ?? ???? ?
  • device queue(?? ?) ??? ???? ?
  • queueing diagram(?? ??) p103 ?? 4.5
  • ????(Schedulers)
  • ?? ????(long-term scheduler, job scheduler)
  • pool -gt memory(degree of multiprogramming)
  • ?? ????(short-term scheduler, CPU scheduler)
  • CPU ?? must be very fast
  • ?? ????(medium-term scheduler)
  • swapping
  • degree of multiprogramming? ??
  • memory -gt backing store

5
4.2 ???? ????(Process Scheduling)
  • ?? ??(Context Switch)
  • CPU? ? process?? ?? process? switch? ?
  • save the state of the old process CPU? ???
    ??(PCB??)
  • load the saved state for new process CPU? ???
    ??(PCB??)
  • pure overhead performance bottleneck -gt
    threads? ??
  • context-switch time 1-1000microsecond
  • address space ?? ?? memory ????? ??

4.3 ????? ?? ?????(Operations on Processes)
  • ???? ??(Process Creation)
  • ???? ?? ??? ?? fork, exec..
  • ?? ????
  • ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??(memory, files) ??
  • ? ???? ?? ? ???
  • ?? ??
  • ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? wait system call?

6
4.3 ????? ?? ?????(Operations on Processes)
cont.
  • ? ????? 2?? (??? ?? ?? ???? ?)
  • 1) ??? ??? ?? ?? fork
  • 2) ??? ??? ? ????? ?? forkexec?
  • execl ??? ?? ????
  • execv ????? ???
  • char av3
  • av0 ls
  • av1 -l
  • av2 (char )0
  • execv(/bin/ls, av)
  • Unix? ? ??? ??
  • 1) fork ?? process ??, ?? process? PID(Process
    identifier)? ??
  • 2) fork exec ???? ????? ????? ? ???? load

7
4.3 ????? ?? ?????(Operations on Processes)
cont.
  • ???? ??(Process Termination)
  • exit ??? ??
  • ?? ??? ???? Return
  • ???(???/???), ??? ??, I/O??? OS?? ???
  • abort ??? ??
  • ??? ??(??? ??? ?? ??? ? ??)
  • ?? ?? ??
  • ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?
  • ??? task? ? ?? ?? ?? ?
  • ??? ??? ?
  • DEC VMS ?? Unix ???(cascading) ??
  • ?? ?? -gt OS? ?? ?? ??
  • (?) Unix
  • exit system call? ???? ??
  • wait system call return? ???? ??? pid
  • wait(status)
  • status ??? exit?? ??? ?? ????
  • (?? 8bits 0(???? ??), ?? 8bits exit
    status)

8
4.4 ???? ??(Cooperation Processes)
  • ???? ???? ??
  • ?? ?? (information sharing)
  • ?? ?? ?? (computation speedup) parallel
    computing??
  • ???(modularity)
  • ???(convenience) parallel computing??
  • ???? ?? ? ???-???(producer-consumer)??
  • compiler assembly code ??
  • assembler assembly code ??, object code ??
  • loader object code ??
  • ???? ???? ??? ?????
  • gt buffer? ??(?? ??? ??)
  • gt ???? ???? ??? ??(???? ?? ?? ???? ??)
  • ???-??? ?? ??
  • 1. ?? ??(unbounded-buffer) ???-??? ??
  • ???? ?? ??, ???? ??? ??? ??? ??
  • 2. ?? ??(bounded-buffer) ???-??? ??
  • ??? ? ? ??? ???? ??, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??

9
4.4 ???? ??(Cooperation Processes)
cont.
  • ?? ?? ???-??? ?? -gt ???(LWP)? ?? ???
  • ??-???? ??? ???
  • var n
  • type item ..
  • var buffer array 0..n-1 of item
  • in, out 0..n-1 inlt- next free position
    outlt- first full position
  • empty in out
  • full in 1 mod n out
  • ??? ????
  • repeat
  • ...
  • produce an item in nextp
  • ...
  • while in1 mod n out do no-op
  • bufferin nextp
  • in in 1 mod n
  • until false

10
4.4 ???? ??(Cooperation Processes)
cont.
  • ??? ????
  • repeat
  • while in out do no-op
  • nextc bufferout
  • out out 1 mod n
  • ...
  • Consume the item in nextc
  • ...
  • until false
  • ??? ?? n-1 ? ??? ?? ? ?? -gt n ? ?? ? ??? ??(6?)
  • in next free position
  • out first full position
  • empty, full ?? ?? ??? ?? ??
  • ?? ??? ?? ?? in out

11
4.5 ???(Threads)
cont.
  • ???? ?? PC
  • ??? ? PC (a thread of control)? ?? address
    space? ???? fork? ??
  • ?? ????(LWP lightweight process) ???
  • CPU? ???? ?? ??
  • PC, ???? ??, ?? ??? ??
  • ????? ?? task(code section, data section, OS
    resources-open files, signals)? ?? (p113 ?? 4.8)
  • ?? ????(heavyweight process) 1 thread? ?? task
  • ??
  • ?? ???? CPU switching, thread context switch
  • ???? ?? ???
  • ?? ???? process switching, context switching
  • ??? ?? ???(virtual memory page table ?? ?)

12
4.5 ???(Threads)
cont.
  • ??
  • ?? ??? ??(multiple-thread control)
  • ? ?? PC, stack, ????(no protection)
  • ?? ???? ??(multiple-process control)
  • ??? PC, stack, address space, ???(protection)
  • ???? ??
  • CPU??
  • ??, ??, ????
  • ?? thread??
  • block
  • (?1) ?? ??
  • ?? ???? ?? ?? process? disk access ?? block??
    ?? file server process ?? ??
  • ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? task? ?? server thread ?? ??
  • (?2) ??? ??? ??
  • 2 threads ? ???? ??(better if on 2 processors)

13
4.5 ???(Threads)
cont.
  • ???? ?? ??
  • 1. kernel supported(????) Mash, OS/2 system
    calls
  • ??? ????(fair scheduling)
  • ??? ??? ?(switching is time consuming)
    interrupt ?? ??
  • 2. library supported(????? ??) Andrew(CMU)
    library calls
  • ???? ????(unfair scheduling)
  • ???? ??(switching is fast)
  • ??? ?? ???? system call? ??? ?? system call ????
    ?? ?? ????? ???? ?
  • 3. hybrid approach(?? ??) Solaris 2
  • kernel ??(system call ?? ??)
  • single tasking Unix kernel ?? ?? ?? ??? ???
  • multi tasking Mach kernel ????? ????(threads
    are synchronous)
  • ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??(?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????
    ??)
  • (cf) asynchronous system? ?? locking mechanism??

14
4.5 ???(Threads)
cont.
  • (?2)????(Solaris) 2.x
  • SunOS Release 4.x - Solaris 1.x
  • SunOS Release 5.x - Solaris 2.x
  • Solaris 2? ??
  • kernel??? user???? ??? ??
  • symmetric multiprocessing(??? ?? ????)
  • ? process? OS?? Master-slave? ??
  • real-time scheduling(??? ????)
  • ???? LWP(Light Weight Processes) a virtual
    CPU
  • user-level
  • stack? PC
  • switching(linking with thread)? ???. ?? ?? ??.
  • intermediate-level LWP
  • PCB, register, ????, ??? ??
  • ??? ???.
  • kernel-level(???? ??)
  • ??? ?????stack
  • switching? ??? ???.

15
4.5 ???(Threads)
cont.
  • p116 ?? Figure 4.9 Solaris 2? ???
  • Many LWP, many CPU
  • N user-level thread lt-gt l LWP
  • 1 LWP lt-gt 1 Kernel-level thread 1 system call
  • N Kernel-level thread lt-gt 1 CPU
  • (?) 5? ?? ?? -gt 5 LWP??
  • ? ?? ??? Kernel ??? I/O??? ???? ?
  • Solaris 2??
  • ? task? ? I/O??? ???? ?? block? ??? ??.
  • ?? ??? ? LWP(kernel thread)? I/O ??? ???? ????
    CPU? ? ??? ?? LWP(kernel thread)? ???? ?? ???
    ????.
  • ??
  • Solaris 2.x System Administrators Guide,
  • Threads Primer A Guide to Multithreaded
    Programming, Bil Lewis, Daniel J.Berg, Prentice
    Hall, 1996.

16
4.6 ????? ??(Interprocess Communication)
  • ?? ?? lt- ? ????? ? ? ???? ?
  • ?? ??? ??(shared-memory)
  • ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??
  • (?)???? ???-??? ?? version 1
  • ??? ?? ??(message-passing)
  • IPC(interprocess-communication)?? ?? OS? ????
    ??
  • (?)?? ?? ???-??? ?? version 2
  • IPC?? ??(Basic Structure)
  • IPC??? 2??
  • send (message)
  • receive(message)
  • ???? P? Q? ??? -gt ???? ??
  • ??
  • ?? ???
  • bus
  • network
  • send/receive??

17
4.6 ????? ??(Interprocess Communication)
cont.
  • ??? ???? ???? ???
  • ??(direct) ?? ?? ??
  • ??(symmetric) ?? ???(symmetric) ??
  • ??(automatic) ?? ???(explicit) ???
  • ??(copy)? ?? ?? ?? ??(reference)? ?? ??
  • ????(fixed-sized) ?? ????(variable-sized) ???
  • ?? ??(Naming)
  • 1) ????(Direct Communication)
  • ??? ?? ? ????(sender/receiver)? ??? ??? ??
  • Send(P, message) ???? P?? ??? ??
  • Receive(Q, message) ???? Q??? ??? ??
  • ???? ?? sender? receiver ??
  • Send(P, message) ???? P?? ??? ??
  • Receive(id, message) ??? ??????? ??? ??
  • id ???? ?? ????? ???? ???
  • ????? ??
  • ???? ?? ??? ?? ???(limited modularity)

18
4.6 ????? ??(Interprocess Communication)
cont.
  • (?? ??? ?) ???/??? ??
  • ???(producer)
  • repeat
  • ...
  • produce an item in nextp
  • ...
  • send(consumer, nextp)
  • until false
  • ???(consumer)
  • repeat
  • ...
  • receive(producer, nextc)
  • ...
  • consume the item in nextc
  • ...
  • until false

19
4.6 ????? ??(Interprocess Communication)
cont.
  • 2) ????(Indirect Communication)
  • mailbox(ports) ?? ??
  • send(A, message) mailbox A? ??? ??
  • receive(A, message) mailbox??? ??? ??
  • mailbox? ??
  • ????? mailbox??
  • OS? mailbox??
  • ???(Buffering)
  • ??? ??? ?? ??
  • Zero capacity rendez-vous(no buffering)??? ??
  • Bounded capacity ?? ?? ? ???? ???
  • Unbounded capacity ?? ?? ? ???? ???

20
4.6 ????? ??(Interprocess Communication)
cont.
  • ???? ??(asynchronous communication) ?? ??? ??
  • ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??
  • ? ??? ? ?? ??? ??
  • P send(Q, message)
  • receive(Q, message)
  • Q receive(P, message)
  • send(P, acknowledgment)
  • ??? ??
  • ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??
  • ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??
  • ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??
  • ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???
  • Thoth
  • reply(P, message) ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??
  • ??? ??(synchronous communication)
  • RPC(Remote Procedure Call)? ?? ??
  • sender subroutine call -gt reply? ??? ?? ?
  • receiver ?? ??? reply

21
4.6 ????? ??(Interprocess Communication)
cont.
  • ?? ??(Exception Conditions)
  • centralized ?? distributed system?? ?? ??? ???
    ??(?? ??) ??
  • ???? ??(Process Terminates)
  • P? ??? Q? ??? -gt P? ?? ?
  • P ??
  • Q ?? ??? P? ??
  • P? ??? Q? ??? ?? -gt Q? reply ???? ? ?? ?? ?
  • ??? ??(Lost Messages)
  • OS? ?? ? ?? ??
  • sender? ?? ? ?? ??
  • OS? ??, sender? ?? (-gt 12?)
  • ??? ???(Scrambled Messages)
  • ?? ??? ??(noise) ?? -gt ?? OS? ???
  • ??????(check sums, parity, CRC)?? ??

22
4.6 ????? ??(Interprocess Communication)
cont.
  • ?? Mach
  • ?????? ?? OS
  • ??? ??, task ? ????? ????
  • port( mailbox)
  • task ?? gt (kernel mailbox, notify mailbox) ??
  • system calls
  • msg_send
  • msg_receive
  • msg_rpc (remote procedure call)
  • port_allocate ? mailbox ??, buffer size 8,
    FIFO order
  • port_status ??? mailbox? ??? ? ??
  • ??? ??
  • ???? header
  • ??? ??
  • ? mailbox ??(? ? ??? sender? mailbox reply ??
    return address ??)
  • ? ??? data portion ????(typed) ??? ???? ???

23
4.6 ????? ??(Interprocess Communication)
cont.
  • send ??
  • ?? mailbox? full? ??? ??? ??
  • ?? mailbox? full??
  • mailbox? ? ??? ?? ??? ??
  • ?? n ??? ??
  • ???? ?? ?? ??
  • ???? ??? cache ??? ??? OS? ?? ??(???? ??? ??
    mailbox? ???? ? reply only one pending
    message)
  • line printer driver ? ?? ??? ??
  • receive ??
  • ?? mailbox ?? mailbox set??? ???? ???? ???? ?
  • ??? mailbox??? ?? mailbox set ? ? mailbox??? ???
    ??
  • ?? ??? ??? ?? n ??? ????? ???? ??
  • ??? ???? ??
  • double copy(sender -gt mailbox, mailbox-gt
    receiver)
  • Mach? virtural memory ???? ?? ?? ??(?? ???? ??
    ???? ?? ?? ???? mapping ??)

24
4.6 ????? ??(Interprocess Communication)
cont.
  • ?? Windows NT
  • ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??(local Procedure
    Call)
  • ?? ??(connection port)? ?? ??(communication port)
    ??
  • ?? ??
  • ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? handle? open
  • ?????? ?? ??
  • ??? ? ?? ???(private) ?? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?? ?
    ??? handle? ???.
  • ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? handle? ???? ???? ????
    ????(callback)? ?? ??(reply)? ???
  • ? ?? ??? ?? ??
  • ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??, callback ?? ??
  • ?? ???? ?? ??(section object)? ??, callback ?? ??
  • quick LPC ?????? ?? ?? ? quick LPC ??, ???
    ????? ?? ?? ???(dedicated server thread) ??
  • ?? ??, ??? ?? 64KB ?? ??, ???? ???? ? ?? ??
    ??(event pare object) ??
  • ?? ??? ??, ?? ?? ??, ??? ????? ???? overhead ??
  • ?? ?? ? ???? ?? ?? ??
  • ??? ?? overhead ???? ?? ????? ? ???? batch ??? ?
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