Introduction to Process Technology

1
Introduction to Process Technology

• Unit 5
• Applied Chemistry

2
Agenda

• Organic and Inorganic
• Chemical and Physical Properties
• Terminology
• Reactions
• Acid, Base, pH
• Review

3
Chemistry in Process Industry

• How Chemistry Applies to Process Tech
• Turning raw materials into products
• Proper management of waste
• Understand chemistry concepts that occur during
  manufacturing process
• Understand terminology
• Understand concepts to troubleshoot problems and
  improve quality, efficiency

4
Structure of Matter

• Atoms smallest particle of an element that
  retains the properties of that element
• Protons positively charged subatomic particle
  found in
• the nucleus of an atom
• Neutrons subatomic particle found in the
  nucleus of
• an atom that has no charge
• Electrons negatively charged subatomic particle
  found in
• orbiting the nucleus of an atom
• -- Valence Electrons outermost electrons which
  provide links for bonding
• Molecule neutral chemically bonded groups of
  atoms that
• act as a unit

5
Structure of Matter (Continued)

• Atomic Number the number of protons in the
  nucleus of an atom of an element
• Atomic Mass (Molecular Weight) weighted average
  of the masses of the isotopes of an element
• Determining Molecular Weight
• Add all masses of each element. Remember to
  multiply if more than 1 present.

6
Organic and Inorganic

• Chemistry science that deals with the
  composition, behavior, and transformation of
  matter
• Organic carbon based
• Hydrocarbon contains only hydrogen and carbon
• Inorganic no carbons
• Such as salts, acids, bases, metals
• Many agricultural products

7
Physical Properties

• Density mass (weight) per unit volume
• Specific Gravity comparison of density to that
  of water for solids and liquids and to air for
  gases
• Hardness ability of one substance to
  scratch/mark another
• Odor smell of substance
• Color optical sensation produced by effect of
  light waves stiking surface

8
Reactivity of a Chemical

• The ability of a substance to form new substances
  under given conditions
• A listing of all chemical reactions of a
  substance and the conditions under which the
  reactions can occur

9
Terminology

• Matter anything occupying space that has mass
• Element simplest form of matter
• Compound pure substance made up of elements
  that are chemically combined
• Mixture - mixed together, but no chemical
  reaction
• Solution - a homogenous mixture of 2 or more
  substances in a single phase (usually liquid).
  Solute and solvent.

10
Terminology (Continued)

• Solvent substance that dissolves
• Solute substance that is dissolved
• Solubility how well solvent dissolves the
  solute
• Boiling Point
• When vapor pressure of liquid equals system
  pressure
• Freezing Point
• Melting Point

11
Terminology (Continued)

• Homogenous
• Same throughout
• Cant tell one part of mixture from another
• Heterogeneous
• Different
• Equilibrium
• Rate of reactants forming products rate of
  products forming reactants
• Anion atom or group of atoms with negative
  charge
• Cation - atom or group of atoms with positive
  charge

12
Chemical Reactions

• Chemical Reactions
• Endothermic needs/absorbs heat
• Exothermic gives off heat
• Neutralization acid base salt
  water
• Combustion
• fuel oxygen combustion products
  heat light
• Catalyst
• Helps a reaction go at a lower temp or increases
  rate of reaction
• Is not consumed in the reaction

13
Acid, Base and pH

• pH measurement of hydrogen ions in solution
• Acid (pH gt 0 and lt 7)
• Bitter taste
• Vinegar, Hydrocholoric Acid, Hydrofluoric Acid
• Base (pH gt 7 and lt 14)
• Bitter taste, slippery
• Alkaline
• Caustic pungent odors
• Lye, sodium hydroxide, caustic soda
• Neutral pH 7
• The stronger the acid or base the more hazardous
  to body tissue and metal

14
Review

• List importance of applied chemistry to process
  technicians
• Re-write all vocabulary words and their
  definitions
• Understand difference between the following
• Organic and inorganic
• Endothermic and exothermic
• Acids and bases
• Define the 4 basic chemical reactions most common
  to process industry

15
Work

• Read Chapter 11 (pages 158 169)
• Do questions 1 13 on pages 170 171)
• Module 5, Exercise 1 Chemistry Supplement
• Major Grade
• In class example worked by group

16
Independent Project

• Internet or literature search
• Write a paper on the importance of chemistry to 2
  different process industries
• List raw materials, products
• List what chemical reactions, terms apply
• Identify associated safety and environmental
  measures and/or concerns