Studying Life

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Studying Life
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Characteristics of Living Things

• Does a Fire give off energy?
• Does a Fire fly (lightning bug) give off energy?
• Are they both Alive?
• What makes something alive?

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What is Biology?

• The study of living things
• The study of interactions between living things
• Bio means life/living
• -ology means study of

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Characteristics continued

• Living things share several characteristics.
• These characteristics include the following
• (There are 8 Characteristics!)

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1. Living things obtain and use
materials and energy (FOOD)

• As organisms grow, they need energy and materials
  to survive.
• What is an example of materials?
• Metabolism The combination of chemical reactions
  through which an organism builds up or breaks
  down materials as it carries out its life
  processes.

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How is energy obtained?

• Energy comes from Glucose
• Autotroph
• Produce their own food
• Heterotroph
• Must consume
• Decomposer
• Breaks down organic material for food

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2. Living Things REPRODUCE

• All organisms produce new organisms. (offspring
  which resemble parents)
• Asexually single parent. Dividing in half to
  produce another organism.
• Sexually two cells from different parents unite
  to produce the first cell of the new organism.

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3. Living things change over time (EVOLVE) and
adapt

• Key wordsas a group, living things evolve, or
  change over time.
• Example Plants that can survive periods without
  water. These plants had to change over time to
  survive without water at certain dry periods.

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• Adapt to long range changes in environment
• These changes allowed organisms to better survive
  in environment

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4. Living things DEVELOP and grow.

• Life Cycles
• Life cycle of a butterflyeggcaterpillarpupa
  (chrysalis)adult butterfly
• Life cycle of a flyeggmaggotadult fly
• All living organisms grow at least part of their
  lives.
• Growth ? in size
• Develop mature

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5. Living things are made up of CELLS

• A cell is a collection of living matter enclosed
  by a barrier (membrane) that separates the cell
  from its surroundings.
• Cells are the basic structure of living things
• A single cell organism is called unicellular
  (ie bacteria)
• Multicellular comprised of many cells

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6. Living things maintain a stable internal
environment (HOMEOSTASIS)

• Changes that happen in organisms are complex.
• Example a plant may take on water through roots
  at one point but give water off at another
  through leaves (transpire).
• The internal consistency is called Homeostasis.
  (process in which organisms keep their internal
  conditions stable)

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Examples of Homeostasis

• 1. Plants transpire give off water
• 2. Humans perspire/sweat to cool off
• 3. The hormone insulin is used by the body to
  keep blood sugar level
• 4. Dogs pant to cool off

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7. Living things respond to their
ENVIRONMENT

• Organisms live in constantly changing
  environments.
• Examples
• Temperature, Light, Smells, Sounds

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• They react to a stimulus
• An action causes a reaction
• This reaction is called a response
• This involves one individual

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8. Living Things are based on a
Universal GENETIC CODE

• Offspring always resemble their parents.
• With sexual reproduction, offspring differ in
  some ways.
• However, dogs must produce dogs, cats must
  produce cats and flies produce flies. The genetic
  code of each is what is produced.
• Inheritance carried on DNA

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FRED CHEG!

• F ood
• R eproduce
• E volve
• D evelop
• C ells
• H omeostasis
• E nvironment
• G enetic code

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• Fire is NOT alive
• Bacteria IS alive
• Rocks are NOT alive
• Fungus IS alive
• Viruses are NOT alive

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Viruses

• Viruses are NOT considered alive because they
  can not reproduce on their own.
• They must use cells from other organisms to
  reproduce

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Branches of Biology

• The order in which Biology is branched, starting
  from smallest to most broad would be
• Molecules (Smallest)
• Cells
• Groups of cells
• Organism (species)
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere (Most Broad/Largest)

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Various Biological Sciences

• Paleontology
• Zoology
• Botany
• Anatomy
• Cytology
• Microbiology

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Levels of Organization
(Largest)
Biosphere
The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems
Biosphere
Community and its nonliving surroundings
Ecosystem
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream,
rocks, air
Populations that live together in a defined area
Community
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Group of organisms of one type that live in the
same area
Population
Bison herd
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Levels of Organization
Individual living thing
Organism
Bison
Groups of Cells
Tissues, organs, and organ systems
Nervous tissue
Brain
Nervous system
Smallest functional unit of life
Cells
Nerve cell
Groups of atoms smallest unit of most
chemical compounds
Molecules
Water
DNA
(Smallest)
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The End