Unit 4 Introduction

1
Unit 4 Introduction

• Internal Systems and Regulation

2
The Vitruvian Man

• Symmetry of the human bodyand the Universe!
• a man's height is four cubits (and thus 24 palms)
  
• the length of a man's outspread arms is equal to
  his height
• the distance from the hairline to the bottom of
  the chin is one-tenth of a man's height
• the distance from the top of the head to the
  bottom of the chin is one-eighth of a man's
  height
• the maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter
  of a man's height
• the distance from the elbow to the armpit is
  one-eighth of a man's height
• the length of the hand is one-tenth of a man's
  height
• the length of the ear is one-third of the length
  of the face

3
Da Vincis Anatomical Sketches
4
A Little Food History!

• 400 BC Hippocrates said that food was
  medicinebut couldnt tell people which foods to
  eat.
• 1800s Salem, NJ Sam Johnson ate a tomato in
  public to prove that they were not poisonous.

5
Dr. NO!

• 1800s Minister Sylvester Graham told everyone
  not to
• Eat meat (It leads to sex)
• Use spices
• Drink Caffeine
• Drink Alcohol
• Go to the Doctor (They bleed you out!)
• An unhealthy diet simulated sexual desire which
  irritated the body and led to disease.
• His followers were called Grahamites
• His substitute for sex was

6
The Graham Cracker!
7
To Eat or Not to Eat

• Our food is full of chemicalsan apple contains
  over 300 different compounds
• We are skeptical about food because technology
  has allowed us to measure in parts per trillion!
• 1 pp trillion is the same as 1 second in 32 000
  years!
• Paralysis by analysis

8
Who do you trust?

• Harvey and Marilyn Diamond
• Claimed that enzymes are life force
• Women shouldnt have sex when pregnant because it
  would cut off oxygen to the fetus
• Lots of bad/unscientific advice out there!

9
Homeostasis

• All of our organ systems work together
• to maintain Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is a steady internal state,
• keeps conditions in the body constant.
• Examples
• Blood Pressure (circulatory system)
• Respiration Rate (respiratory system)
• Body Temperature (circulatory system)
• Blood Sugar (digestive and circulatory)
• The brain and the adrenal system
• (hormones) do most of the regulating.

10
The Digestive System

• Just Eat It!

11
Betcha didnt know that

• Your intestines are 7.5 metres long!
• A horses intestines are 27 metres long!
• Digestion from mouth to anus takes 72 hrs!
• In your lifetime, your digestive system may
  handle about 50 tons o food!
• The average person eats about 1.4 kg of food per
  day!
• 1.5 litres of saliva are produced each day!
• An adults stomach can hold about 1.5 litres!
• Each day 11.5 litres of digested food, liquids
  and digestive juices flow through the digestive
  systembut only 100mLs are lost in faeces!

12
Nutrition Basics

• Remember the big three?
• Carbohydrates
• (glucose needed for cellular resp.)
• Proteins
• (amino acids are building blocks)
• Lipids
• (long term E storage)
• There are three more players
• that are vital to our survival

13
Vitamins

• Individual Unitsnot long chains
• They assist in the release of energy form Carbs,
  Fats and PROs (coenzymes)
• Measured in milligrams (mg)
• 13 different vitamins
• Examples
• Vitamin Cinfection resistance and prevention of
  scurvy (oranges).
• Vitamin Ahelps us to see better (found in
  carrots)
• Vitamin Dbone mineralization (if not
  enoughRickets!)

14
Minerals

• Inorganic elements
• They do not yield energy
• 16 are known to be essential to humans
• Examples
• Calcium (bones), Iron (blood cells), Zinc
  (enzymes), Fluorine (nice teeth!)

15
Water

• Provides the environment in which nearly all the
  bodys activities are conducted.
• Helps with metabolic reactions
• Transporter of vital materials and waste products

16
Healthy Eating Exercise

• Canadas Food Guide
• Government recommendations

17
Regular Exercise

• Builds muscle
• Increases metabolism
• (bodys burning of energy)
• Decreases body fat

18
24 Hour Food Challenge

• How did you do?
• Daily Calorie Requirements

19
Anorexia Nervosa

• Significant weight loss resulting from excessive
  dieting.
• Motivated by the strong desire to be thin and a
  fear of becoming obese.
• Anorexics usually strive for perfection.

20
Signs and Symptoms

• Noticeable weight loss
• Becoming withdrawn
• Excessive exercise
• Always being cold
• Muscle weakness
• Obsession with food, calories, recipes
• Excuses for not eating meals (ie. ate earlier,
  not feeling well)

21
Physical/Medical Complications

• Fatigue and lack of energy
• Amenorrhea (loss of menstruation)
• Skin problems
• Dizziness and headaches
• Dehydration
• Shortness of breath
• Irregular heartbeats, cardiac failuredeath.

22
Bulimia

• A cycle of binge eating followed by purging to
  try and rid the body of unwanted calories.
• A binge is different for all individuals.

23
Signs and Symptoms

• Binge eating
• Secretive eating (food missing)
• Bathroom visits after eating
• Vomiting
• Laxative, diet pill or diuretic abuse
• Weight fluctuations (usually with 10-15 lb range)
  

24
Physical/Medical Complications

• Fatigue and lack of energy
• Amenorrhea (loss of menstruation) and irregular
  menstruation
• Dizziness
• Headaches
• Dehydration

25
Types of Digestion

• As food travels down the alimentary canal it must
  be broken down into monomers so that our cells
  can use them.
• They need to be small enough to pass through the
  villi and into the bloodstream.

26
Mechanical Digestion

• Chewing, Mixing, Emulsifying
• Done with the teeth
• Peristalsis Muscular contractions move the bolus
  (food ball) along the digestive tract.

27
Chemical Digestion

• Performed by enzymes
• Uses the process of hydrolysis to break down
  polymers into monomers.

28
Question

• HOW DO WE KEEP FROM DIGESTING OURSELVES??

29
Answer

• Line the entire system with mucus!!
• Lined from the cardiac sphincter to the anus.
• Where is there no mucus?
• EsophagusAcid reflux (heartburn)

30
Acid RefluxOUCH!