CELLS

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CELLS

• The Smallest Unit of Life

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Cell Discoveries

• Anton vanLeeuwenhoek
• Made the first microscope that could view
  individual cells.
• Saw cells in his tooth scrapings

http//www.ixedu.com/es/celula/Multimedia/Microsco
pio/Historia.htm
http//www.hps.cam.ac.uk/whipple/explore/microscop
es/adutchpioneer/
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Robert Hooke

• Gave cells their name after he saw them through
  the microscope
• Thought they looked like cells or rooms of the
  monastery

http//kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/biographies/Hook
e/
http//askabiologist.asu.edu/research/buildingbloc
ks/rhooke.html
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Schleiden Schwann

• Schleiden was a botanist who said that all plants
  were made of cells

• Schwann was a zoologist who said that all animals
  were made of cells

http//www.answers.com/topic/matthias-jakob-schlei
den?cattechnology
http//www.britannica.com/eb/art-14156/Theodore-Sc
hwann?articleTypeId1
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Cell Theory

• 1. All living things are made of cells.
• 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and
  function of living things.
• 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

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What is a Cell?

• The simplest unit of structure and function for
  every living thing
• Unicellular single celled organism
• EX Ameoba, paramecium
• Multicellular organism made of many cells
• EX humans, plants

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Types of Cells

• Prokaryotic
• Cells without a nucleus
• Bacteria only
• Eukaryotic
• Cells with a nucleus
• EX Plant, Animal, Fungus Protist

www.med.sc.edu85/fox/e_coli-dk.jpg
http//library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00520/gallery/
photos/prokaryote.jpg
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Pro - NO Eu - DO
(nucleus)
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http//library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00520/gallery/
photos/prokaryote.jpg
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Structure vs. Function

• The shape or structure of a cell determines its
  function.
• EX red blood cell is small to fit through small
  blood vessels but has a lot of surface area to
  carry oxygen
• EX nerve cells are long and branched to send
  messages quickly

http//www.britannica.com/eb/art/print?id88528ar
ticleTypeId0
http//www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Science/Biol
ogy/The-Cell/The-Cell-27.html
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Whats in a Cell?

• Organelles
• like tiny organs in cells
• carry out specialized jobs
• Most cells have same organelles, but some only
  found in specific type of cells

http//www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm
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Organellestiny organs1. Cell Wall

• Only found in plant cells and bacteria
• Provides protection and allows materials to
  pass from one cell to another
• Like the walls of the
• school

http//biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images
/cellwall.jpeg
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2. Cell Membrane

• The outer boundary of an animal cell and the
  second layer of protection for a plant cell
• Selectively permeable lets some things in
  easily but not others (homeostasis)
• Also known as the phospholipid bilayer
• Like a security guard

www.che.vt.edu/Sum/images/cell-membrane.gif
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3. Nucleus

• Control center of the cell
• Contains DNA
• Like the brain

http//www.public.iastate.edu/ttt356/Nucleus.jpg
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4. Cytoplasm

• - Material between the cell membrane and
  nucleus
• - Provides a medium (substance) to move
  nutrients through
• Reactions occur here
• Organelles found here
• - Jelly-like

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5. Rough Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Rough because attached ribosomes make it look
  bumpy
• Checks proteins to make sure they are made
  correctly.
• Transport molecules
• Like the Highways

www.biologycorner.com
http//www.biology.arizona.edu/CELL_BIO/tutorials/
pev/graphics/smooth_er.gif
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6. Ribosomes

• The smallest organelles
• These make proteins other cell parts
• Some float in the cytoplasm some are attached
  to other organelles.
• Like factories

http//www.nsf.gov/news/overviews/biology/assets/i
nteract05.jpg
http//genome.imim.es/courses/Madrid04/exercises/e
nsembl/images/ribosome.jpg
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http//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/cell
golgi.jpg
7. Golgi Apparatus

• Mailroom of the cell
• Sorts, packages exports proteins
• Like the UPS

http//www.daviddarling.info/images/Golgi_apparatu
s.jpg
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8. Lysosomes

• Kamikaze organelle
• They destroy bad proteins and damaged
  organelles
• Enzymes assist
• Like a garbage
• truck

http//www.molecularexpressions.com/cells/lysosome
s/images/lysosomesfigure1.jpg
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9. Mitochondria (-ion)

• Powerhouse of the cell
• Makes ENERGY!
• Like the
• electric co.

http//kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image110.gi
f
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10. Centrioles

• Play an important
• roles in cell division
• Come in pairs
• Animal cells
• Like a filing
• cabinet

http//3dbiology.pbworks.com/f/centrioles_cropped.
jpg
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11. Cilia

• Hair-like
• Useful for
• Movement
• Protection
• Food gathering
• Like a broom

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12. Flagella (-um)

• Tail-like/whip-like
• Useful for movement
• Mostly in protist

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13. Vacuole

• Storage organelle for food, water wastes
• Huge in plant cells for the storage of water
• Many small vacuoles in animal cells
• Like a trash can or refrigerator

http//www.daviddarling.info/images/contractile_va
cuole.gif
http//www4.alief.isd.tenet.edu/cahowe/PreAPBio/Pr
ojects/Cell_files/slide0013_image053.jpg
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14. Chloroplast

• Contains chlorophyll
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Like solar panels

http//www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/assets/learn_its/a
level/biology/cells -and-organelles/organelles/chl
oroplast-b.gif
http//www.scar.utoronto.ca/olaveson/chloroplast-
Sadava.jpg
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Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells

• Plant Cells
• Cell wall
• Chloroplasts
• Large vacuole
• Square

• Animal Cells
• Cell membrane
• No chloroplasts
• Small vacuole
• Many shapes

www.molecularexpressions.com
http//encarta.msn.com/media_461540224_761563786_-
1_1/animal_cell.html
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• Nucleus
• Chloroplast
• Membrane
• Cell Wall

• Mitochondria
• Vacuole
• Golgi
• Ribosomes

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Stem Cells

• Unspecialized cells
• Have the ability to become any of the 220
  different human cell types
• Totipotent total potential
• Pluripotent limited potential

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Microscopes

• Its a Small World After All

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What Can We See?
http//www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm
http//nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/mi
croscopes/powerline/index.html
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Slides to View Today

• Plant Cells
• Draw on
• Your own skin Cells
• Stick peel a piece of tape from your skin
• Put tape on slide (sticky side up)
• One drop of stain coverslip
• Your hair
• One hair on a slide with coverslip

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Animal - Eukaryote
http//ac.teachers.googlepages.com/cellularorganel
les
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Plant - Eukaryote
http//ac.teachers.googlepages.com/cellularorganel
les
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Prokaryotic
Bacteria
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Membranes Transport

• Gateways of
• cells organelles

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Membrane Structure

• Phospholipid Bilayer
• 2 layers of phospholipids
• Hydrophilic phosphate heads
• Hydrophobic lipid tails
• Innermembrane proteins
• Surface carbohydrates
• Surface lipids/cholesterol

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Structure
http//www.bioteach.ubc.ca/Bio-industry/Inex/
http//www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100H/cell
s.html
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http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ImageCell_membr
ane_detailed_diagram.svg
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Passive Transport

• Does not require energy
• High ? Low
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Facilitated diffusion

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1. Diffusion

• Occurs across the phospholipids
• CO2
• O2
• Urea

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Lab Information on Diffusion

• Dialysis tubing acts as a semipermeable membrane
• Which materials can pass through the pores?
• Which cannot permeate the bag?

Animation
Dialysis
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2. Osmosis
http//www.ualr.edu/botany/osmosis.jpg

• Diffusion of water
• Water moves from
• High water ? low water
• Hypotonic solute ? hypertonic solute

Animation
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http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ImageOsmotic_pr
essure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg

http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ImageTurgor_pre
ssure_on_plant_cells_diagram.svg
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Kidney Function

• Vessels bring waste-filled blood to kidneys for
  filtering.
• Membranes in the kidneys let urea leave the
  blood to go into the ureter.
• Urea becomes urine and collects in the bladder.

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Dialysis
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Dialysis
http//www.biotopics.co.uk/human2/andial.html
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3. Facilitated Diffusion

• Molecules moving from high ? low but are too
  big to move between phospholipids
• Requires a
• membrane carrier
• (facilitator)
• Glucose uses this

http//www.biology.arizona.edu/chh/problem_sets/ki
dneysmetals/07t.html
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Active Transport

• Requires ATP energy
• ATP pumps
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis
• Often goes against concentration gradient

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Endo Exocytosis
http//www.dnatube.com/view_video.php?viewkey6ebd
a4840e7360ce6e7e
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis
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The Cellular Circle of Life
http//ebiomedia.com/prod/LC/LCcellunit.html
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CELLULAR ENERGETICS
Photosynthesis
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The Chloroplast
http//www.ualr.edu/botany/chloroplast.jpg
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Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs

• Autotrophs
• Make their own food for energy
• Ex Plants
• Heterotrophs
• must obtain their energy from other organisms
• Ex Animals Fungi

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Energy.

• The ability to do work
• Purpose of photosynthesis is to make energy!
• sunlight energy is changed into chemical energy

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Bonds Energy

• Chemical energy is located in chemical bonds of
  sugars starches
• Breaking bonds releases energy

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Light Use in Plants

• R O Y G B I V
• Light wavelengths primarily used by plants are R
  and B I
• They do not use G since this is reflected

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Photosynthesis requires pigments
http//botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Ferns/Game
tophyte_Images/Chloroplasts_MC.low.jpg

• Chlorophyll
• primary green pigment
• found in chloroplasts
• Other Pigments
• Yellow (squash)
• Orange (carrots)
• Red (tomatoes)
• Also seen in fall leaves

http//i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/P
lant-Pigments-Enhance-Iron-Absorption-2.jpg
http//www.betterbudgeting.com/images/ph03642i.jpg
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Photosynthesis Energy!

• Light energy ? chemical energy ? kinetic energy!

Light
Photosynthesis
Sugar
Energy!
Respiration
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FORMULA

• 6CO2 6H2O ? C6H12O6 6O2
• carbon dioxide water ? glucose oxygen

http//www.grographics.com/risd/DmInfoBreath/1st-i
nstall/images/infobreath-mark.jpg
http//extension.missouri.edu/xplor/agguides/hort/
g06021.htm
http//library.thinkquest.org/C004535/media/pea_le
af_stomata.gif
http//www.hightechlandscapes.com/hightechlandscap
es/images/watering_plants.jpg
http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/methuselah/photosynth
esis.html
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Photosynthesis ProseAdapted from PBS.org

• Photosynthesis, the trapper of light     it's
  needed for life to exist.
• Plants use the process to make food     without
  it most life would desist.
• The process begins with plain water     but not
  from the tap does it flow.
• Some water is made within leaf cells     and
  some is sucked up from below.

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• With energy gained from sunlight,     the Hs are
  stripped from each O.
• The oxygen atoms form twosomes,     and out of
  the leaf they all go.
• Meanwhile CO2 has just entered     through holes
  in the leaf called stomata.
• The gas is exhaled by Earth's creatures,     incl
  uding all vertebrata.

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• But the plant has a goal that is bigger in
  scope- it's out to make food it can keep.
• It builds a big structure with C, H, and
  O     it's glucose, and boy is it sweet.
• Some folks get a kick from equations,     which
  explain things by some kind of law.
• If by chance you are one of these
  people,     then this explains what you just
  saw-6CO2 6H2O ? C6H12O6 6O2

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CELLULAR ENERGETICS

• RESPIRATION

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Respiration

• ATP production from the breakdown of organic
  compounds
• Anaerobic Respiration
• No oxygen
• Occurs in cytoplasm
• Aerobic Respiration
• Oxygen
• Occurs in mitochondria

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The Respiration Formula

• C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O
• glucose oxygen ? carbon dioxide water

http//www.luckeygraphicdesign.com/newsite/inhale_
sm.jpg
http//www.isleofprinting.com/images/artsale/eat.j
pg
http//www.grographics.com/risd/DmInfoBreath/1st-i
nstall/images/infobreath-mark.jpg
http//www.eons.com/images/cms/7594_image_file_1.j
pg
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3 Main Stages of Respiration

• Glycolysis
• Krebs Cycle
• Electron Transport Chain
• ATP is made in 2 different ways during
  respiration

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Aerobic 38 ATP
Anaerobic 2 ATP
http//www.langara.bc.ca/biology/mario/Assets/pyru
vatefate.jpg
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The Energy PromiselandThe Mitochondria
Aerobic
ATP
ATP
Oxygen
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
http//ebiomedia.com/prod/viz/Viz3.html
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PLANTS vs. ANIMALS

• Animals
• Respiration ONLY
• Plants
• Photosynthesis AND
• Respiration
• Have both chloroplasts AND mitochondria

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A Tour of the Cell

• The National Science Foundation Tour of the Cell
  -
• http//www.nsf.gov/news/overviews/biology/interact
  ive.jsp
• An amazing animation of the Inner Life of the
  Cell -
• http//www.studiodaily.com/main/searchlist/6850.ht
  ml
• Another Amazing Video Flu Attacks!
• http//www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?story
  Id114075029