Psychological Science, 3rd Edition Michael Gazzaniga Todd Heatherton Diane Halpern

1
Psychological Science, 3rd EditionMichael
Gazzaniga Todd Heatherton Diane Halpern
2
Social Psychology

• 12

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(No Transcript)
4
????
5
?????????

• ??
• Foot-in-the-door effect????,??????????,????????
• Door in the face ?????,??????????,?????
• Low-balling strategy?????,??????

6
??????

• ?????????????,???????????????????,???????????
• 1.????????????????,??,????????
• 2.????????????????
• 3.?????????

7
Groups Influence Individual Behavior

• Social loafing??????????
• Social facilitation????

8
?????????????

• ?????????,?????????
• ??
• 1.?????????,?????????
• 2.??????????????????
• 3.?????????????,???????!
• 4.??????????????????,?????????
• ????????

9
In Festingers dissonance studies, participants
performed an extremely boring task and then
reported to other participants how enjoyable it
was. Some participants were paid 20 to lie, and
some were paid 1.
10
Psychiatrists, college sophomores, middle-class
adults, and both graduate students and professors
in the behavioral sciences offered predictions
about the results of Milgrams experiments. Their
predictions were incorrect.
11

• ???????????????????????????,?????????????
• ?????,??????????????????
• ?????????(??????????????)???

12
????

• ??????,??????????(????),?????(????)???????????

13
???????

• ????,??????????????????,?????????????????????,???
  ?????????
• ???????
• 1.?????,????????????
• 2.?????,???,???????
• 3.?????,???????

14
?????????????

• ????,???????????????????
• ???????????????
• ?????????
• 1.?????????,?????????
• 2.??????????????????
• 3.?????????????,???????!
• 4.??????????????????,?????????

15
??????????

• ??????????????????????,??????
• ??????,????????????????????
• ???????????????,??????????

16
Durkheim, 1895

• ?????????,??????????????,????,???????????????????
  ?????,????(??)???????,????????????????,??????????
  ???????,????,??????????,?????????????????????????
  ????????????,?????????????,??????????????????????

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Durkheim, 1895(?)

• ??????????,??,???????????????????,???????????????,
  ????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
  ?,???????????,?????????????????--??????????

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??????(SSSM)?????

1. ?????????(??????,???????,?????????????????????)
2. ????,?????????
3. ??,??????????????????????????
4. ?????,????????????????,????????
5. ????????????????????????????

19

• ??????,?????????
• ??????,???????
• ?????,?????
• ?,????,????????????????
• ??????????????????????????,?????????,????????????
• ??????????????????????,???????(emergent
  property)?????????????????????????????????????????
  ?

20

• ??????????,?????????????
• ??????????,??????????????????,????????????????,???
  ???????,???????????,????,???????????

21
????????

• ?????????,???????

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From group selection to gene selection

• Hamilton (1964)
• Trivers (1972)
• Dawkins (1972)

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Survival of the fittestfittest???

• Darwin???????????????,????????,??????????????
• Hamilton?Trivers????????????????????
• Dawkins??????????????
• (textbook pp. 47-55)

24

• ????????,??????????????????(?,????????)???,???????
  ????????

25
????group selection

• ??????(??)????
• Wynne-Edwards(1962)?????????????????????????
• ?????,?????(????)???
• 1.????????????,???????
• 2.????????????????
• 3.???????,???????????????????(????)
• 4.??????,??????
• 5.Lorenz???????

26
???????

• ???????????,????,?????????
• ????????,???????,????????????(????)???,???????????
  ??????,??????????,??????

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????Kin-selection

• G. Williams(1966)??????????,????????????

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Hamiltons inclusive fitness(1964)

• ??????????,???????50???????????,????????
• ??????????????25?12.5,?????????????????,???????
  ?????,??????????????????
• ????coefficient of relatedness r 0.5, 0.25,
  0.125,
• ?????????????????,?????????inclusive fitness1 x
  0.5 4 x 0.25 1.5

29
??????????
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Kin selection???

• ???????,?????????????????
• ?????????,??????,?????,??????
• ???,???????,??????????,????????????

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Trivers reciprocal altruism????

• ????????????,?????????????,????(??,????????????
  ??)?
• ?????????????,????????,???????????,????,????????
  ???,?????,?????????

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Dawkins (1976) Selfish gene

• ?????

33

• Inclusive fitness????,?????????????????????????,??
  ????,????????
• ????????replicator,??????????vehicle
• ?????,????????????????????

34
?????

• ????,?????(?,alleles)
• ???????????????,?????????????,?????????,??????????
  ????,????????(???)???????

35
?????????????

• ????????,???????,??????
• ????(???)????,??????,?????
• ?????????????,????(????)
• ?????,?????????????

36
???????????

• ????????,???
• ??,??????????????????,?????????????
• ?????????
• ??,????????????