AP World History 1450

1
AP World History 1450 1750 CEPeriod 4 Review
AND Sikhism!

• All of the text save for the articles are
  straight from the AP Board, and are the MINIMUM
  that you need to know for Period 4.

2
Period 4 Global Interactions, c. 1450 to c. 1750

• Key Concept 4.1. Globalizing Networks of
  Communication and Exchange
• The interconnection of the Eastern and Western
  hemispheres made possible by transoceanic
  voyaging marked a key transformation of his
  period. Technological innovations helped to make
  transoceanic connections possible. Changing
  patterns of long-distance trade included the
  global circulation of some commodities and the
  formation of new regional markets and financial
  centers. Increased transregional and global trade
  networks facilitated the spread of religion and
  other elements of culture as well as the
  migration of large numbers of people. Germs
  carried to the Americas ravaged the indigenous
  peoples, while the global exchange of crops and
  animals altered agriculture, diets, and
  populations around the planet.
• I. In the context of the new global circulation
  of goods, there was an intensification of all
  existing regional trade networks that brought
  prosperity and economic disruption to the
  merchants and governments in the trading regions
  of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, and
  overland Eurasia.
• II. European technological developments in
  cartography and navigation built on previous
  knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic,
  and Asian worlds, and included the production of
  new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an
  improved understanding of global wind and
  currents patterns all of which made
  transoceanic travel and trade possible.

3
Example of New Tools and Ships
Portolan maps and Caravel Ships were used by the
Portuguese and Spanish explorers in the 15th and
16th centuries. Portolan maps had lines radiating
out from compass points.
4
Key Concept 4.1.

• III. Remarkable new transoceanic maritime
  reconnaissance occurred in
• this period.
• A. Official Chinese maritime activity expanded
  into the Indian Ocean region with the naval
  voyages led by Ming Admiral Zheng He, which
  enhanced Chinese prestige.
• B. Portuguese development of a school for
  navigation led to increased travel to and trade
  with West Africa, and resulted in the
  construction of a global trading-post empire.
• C. Spanish sponsorship of the first Columbian and
  subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and
  Pacific dramatically increased European interest
  in transoceanic travel and trade.
• D. Northern Atlantic crossings for fishing and
  settlements continued and spurred European
  searches for multiple routes to Asia.
• E. In Oceania and Polynesia, established exchange
  and communication
• networks were not dramatically affected because
  of infrequent European
• reconnaissance in the Pacific Ocean.
• IV. The new global circulation of goods was
  facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly
  companies that took silver from Spanish colonies
  in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the
  Atlantic markets, but regional markets continued
  to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established
  commercial practices and new transoceanic
  shipping services developed by European merchants.

5
Key Concept 4.1.

• A. European merchants role in Asian trade was
  characterized mostly by transporting goods from
  one Asian country to another market in Asia or
  the Indian Ocean region.
• B. Commercialization and the creation of a global
  economy were intimately connected to new global
  circulation of silver from the Americas.
• C. Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock
  companies were new methods used by European
  rulers to control their domestic and colonial
  economies and by European merchants to compete
  against one another in global trade.
• D. The Atlantic system involved the movement of
  goods, wealth, and free and unfree laborers, and
  the mixing of African, American, and European
  cultures and peoples.
• V. The new connections between the Eastern and
  Western hemispheres resulted in the Columbian
  Exchange.
• European colonization of the Americas led to the
  spread of diseases including smallpox, measles,
  and influenza that were endemic in the Eastern
  Hemisphere among Amerindian populations and the
  unintentional transfer of vermin, including
  mosquitoes and rats.
• B. American foods became staple crops in various
  parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops
  were grown primarily on plantations with coerced
  labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the
  Middle East in this period.

6
American Crop Maize

• For western civilization, the story of corn
  began in 1492 when Columbus's men discovered this
  new grain in Cuba. An American native, it was
  exported to Europe rather than being imported, as
  were other major grains The word "corn" has many
  different meanings depending on what country you
  are in. Corn in the United States is also called
  maize or Indian corn. In some countries, corn
  means the leading crop grown in a certain
  district. Corn in England means wheat in
  Scotland and Ireland, it refers to oats. Corn
  mentioned in the Bible probably refers to wheat
  or barley. At first, corn was only a garden
  curiosity in Europe, but it soon began to be
  recognized as a valuable food crop. Within a few
  years, it spread throughout France, Italy, and
  all of southeastern Europe and northern Africa.
  By 1575, it was making its way into western
  China... Although corn is indigenous to the
  western hemisphere, its exact birthplace is far
  less certain. An archeological study of the bat
  caves in New Mexico revealed corncobs that were
  5,600 years old by radiocarbon determination...
  The original wild form has long been extinct.
  Evidence suggests that cultivated corn arose
  through natural crossings to produce modern
  races. Corn is perhaps the most completely
  domesticated of all field crops. Its perpetuation
  for centuries has depended wholly on the care of
  man. It could not have existed as a wild plant in
  its present form. Corn was the most important
  cultivated plant in ancient times in America.
  Early North American expeditions show that the
  corn-growing area extended from southern North
  Dakota and both sides of the lower St. Lawrence
  Valley southward to northern

7
American Crop Maize

• Corn is perhaps the most completely domesticated
  of all field crops. Its perpetuation for
  centuries has depended wholly on the care of man.
  It could not have existed as a wild plant in its
  present form. Corn was the most important
  cultivated plant in ancient times in America.
  Early North American expeditions show that the
  corn-growing area extended from southern North
  Dakota and both sides of the lower St. Lawrence
  Valley southward to northern Argentina and Chile.
  It extended westward to the middle of Kansas and
  Nebraska, and an important lobe of the Mexican
  area extended northward to Arizona, New Mexico
  and southern Colorado. It was also an important
  crop in the high valleys of the Andes in South
  America.

The great variability of the corn plant led to
the selection of numerous widely adapted
varieties which hardly resembled one another. The
plant may have ranged from no more than a couple
of feet tall to over 20 feet. It was not like the
uniform sized plant that most people know today.
For the Aztecs, Mayas, Incas and various Pueblo
dwellers of the southwestern United States, corn
growing took precedence over all other
activities...
8
Maize Continued

• Argentina and Chile. It extended westward to the
  middle of Kansas and Nebraska, and an important
  lobe of the Mexican area extended northward to
  Arizona, New Mexico and southern Colorado. It was
  also an important crop in the high valleys of the
  Andes in South America. The great variability of
  the corn plant led to the selection of numerous
  widely adapted varieties which hardly resembled
  one another. The plant may have ranged from no
  more than a couple of feet tall to over 20 feet.
• Origin, History, and Uses of Corn (Zea mays)
  Lance Gibson and Garren Benson, Iowa State
  University, Department of Agronomy, Revised
  January 2002.

9
Cash Crop Sugar!

• White Gold, as British colonists called it, was
  the engine of the slave trade that brought
  millions of Africans to the Americas beginning in
  the early 16th-century. The history of every
  nation in the Caribbean, much of South America
  and parts of the Southern United States was
  forever shaped by sugar cane plantations started
  as cash crops by European superpowers. Profit
  from the sugar trade was so significant that it
  may have even helped America achieve independence
  from Great Britain. Today more sugar is produced
  in Brazil than anywhere else in the world even
  though, ironically, the crop never grew wild in
  the Americas. Sugar cane native to Southeast
  Asia first made its way to the New World with
  Christopher Columbus during his 1492 voyage to
  the Dominican Republic, where it grew well in the
  tropical environment. Noting sugar cane's
  potential as income for the new settlements in
  the Americas Europeans were already hooked on
  sugar coming from the Eastern colonies Spanish
  colonizers snipped seeds from Columbus' fields in
  the Dominican Republic and planted them
  throughout their burgeoning Caribbean colonies.
  By the mid 16th-century the Portuguese had
  brought some to Brazil and, soon after, the sweet
  cane made its way to British, Dutch and French
  colonies such as Barbados and Haiti. It wasn't
  long, however, before the early settlers realized
  they were lacking sufficient manpower to plant,
  harvest and process the backbreaking crop. The
  first slave ships arrived in 1505 and continued
  unabated for more than 300 years. Most came from
  western Africa, where Portuguese colonies had
  already established trading outposts for ivory,
  pepper and other goods. To most of the European
  merchants, the people they put on cargo ships
  across the Atlantic a horrendous voyage known
  as the Middle Passage were merely an extension
  of the trading system already in place. Sugar
  slavery was the key component in what historians
  call The Triangular Trade, a network whereby
  slaves were sent to work on New World
  plantations, the product of their labor was sent
  to a European capital to be sold and other goods
  were brought to Africa to purchase more slaves.
  By the middle of the 19th century, more than 10
  million Africans had been forcibly removed to the
  New World and distributed among the sugar
  plantations of Brazil and the Caribbean.

10
Cash Crop Sugar! Continued

• During those three centuries, sugar was by far
  the most important of the overseas commodities
  that accounted for a third of Europe's entire
  economy. As technologies got more efficient and
  diversified, adding molasses and rum to the
  plantation byproducts, sugar barons from St.
  Kitts to Jamaica became enormously wealthy. The
  importance of those sugar-rich colonies,
  especially those belonging to Britain and France,
  had enormous consequences for the map of the
  Americas during the 1700s. Britain lost its 13
  American colonies to independence in part because
  its military was busy protecting its sugar
  islands, many historians have argued. As opposed
  to the slaves working plantations in the U.S.
  South, Africans on Caribbean sugar plantations
  (and the islands themselves) outnumbered their
  European owners by a wide margin. The British
  planters lived in constant fear of revolt and
  demanded soldiers for protection. Several
  decisive battles of the Revolutionary War would
  have turned out differently had Britain thrown
  its full might behind the war, experts believe.
  Sizable garrisons were also stationed in the West
  Indies to guard the few sugar holdings Britain
  had left at the end of the Seven Years' War in
  1763. In carving up the Americas after the
  fighting stopped, King George III had decided to
  cede a few of his Caribbean sugar islands to
  France in order to secure a sizable chunk of
  North America. In swapping sweet and profitable
  Guadeloupe for the barren, sugar-free wasteland
  of Canada, plus most of the land east of the
  Mississippi River, many Englishmen thought the
  King got a raw deal. http//www.livescience.com/49
  49-sugar-changed-world.html

11
Cash Crop Sugar! Continued
12
Domesticated Animal Cattle

• The Europeans who first settled in America at
  the end of the 15th century had brought longhorn
  cattle with them. By the early 19th century
  cattle ranches were common in Mexico. At that
  time Mexico included what was to become Texas.
  The longhorn cattle were kept on an open range,
  looked after by cowboys called vaqueros. In 1836,
  Texas became independent, the Mexicans left,
  leaving their cattle behind. Texan farmers
  claimed the cattle and set up their own ranches.
  Beef was not popular so the animals were used for
  their skins and tallow. In the 1850s, beef began
  to be more popular and its price rose making some
  ranchers quite wealthy. http//www.historyonthene
  t.com/American_West/cattle_industry.htm

A Mexican cattle ranch
13
Food Brought by African Slaves Rice

• A rice variety that made many a colonial
  plantation owner rich was brought to the United
  States from West Africa, according to preliminary
  genetic research. The finding suggests that
  African slaves are responsible for nearly every
  facet of one of the first rice varieties grown in
  the U.S., as well as one of the most lucrative
  crops in early American history. West Africans
  had been growing varieties of rice for several
  thousand years before the start of the slave
  trade with the colonies... Ship masters wanting
  to deliver healthy slaves to the U.S. bought rice
  in Africa as provisions for the voyage Once in
  the colonies, slaves grew leftover rice in their
  own garden plots for food. In 1685 plantation
  owners in the Carolinas started experimenting
  with a rice variety that produced high yields and
  was easy to cook... The slaves used their
  rice-growing know-how to convert the swampy
  Carolina lowlands to thriving rice plantations
  replete with canals, dikes, and levies, which
  facilitated periodic flooding of the fields The
  so-called Carolina Gold variety quickly became a
  high value export crop, primarily to Europe...

http//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/0
71128-rice-origins.html
14
Key Concept 4.1.

• C. Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and
  domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to
  the Americas, while other foods were brought by
  African slaves.
• D. Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited
  nutritionally from the increased diversity of
  American food crops.
• E. European colonization and the introduction of
  European agriculture and settlements practices in
  the Americas often affected the physical
  environment through deforestation and soil
  depletion.
• VI. The increase in interactions between newly
  connected hemispheres and intensification of
  connections within hemispheres expanded the
  spread and reform of existing religions and
  created syncretic belief systems and practices.
• A. As Islam spread to new settings in
  Afro-Eurasia, believers adapted it to local
  cultural practices. The split between the Sunni
  and Shia traditions of Islam intensified, and
  Sufi practices became more widespread.
• B. The practice of Christianity continued to
  spread throughout the world and was increasingly
  diversified by the process of diffusion and the
  Reformation.
• C. Buddhism spread within Asia.
• D. Syncretic and new forms of religion developed.
• VII. As merchants profits increased and
  governments collected more taxes, funding for the
  visual and performing arts, even for popular
  audiences, increased.
• Innovations in visual and performing arts were
  seen all over the world.
• B. Literacy expanded and was accompanied by the
  proliferation of popular authors, literary forms,
  and works of literature in Afro-Eurasia.

15
What does it mean to be a Sikh?

• Sikhism emerged in 16th-century India in an
  environment permeated with conflicts between
  Hindus and Muslims. Its founding teacher, Guru
  Nanak Dev, was born in 1469 to a Hindu family.
  His most famous saying was, "There is no Hindu,
  there is no Muslim, so whose path shall I follow?
  I shall follow the path of God." Today, there are
  about 23 million Sikhs worldwide, making Sikhism
  the fifth largest religion in the world.
• Sacred Text Adi Granth.
• Beliefs Monotheistic Like Jews, Muslims, and
  Protestant Christians, representations of God in
  images is banned. Like Hinduism, Sikhism believes
  in the concepts of karma and reincarnation.
  Establishment of a Sikh state is a matter of
  religious doctrine.
• Main Holiday Guru Gobind Singh's Birthday -
  January 5

16
Sikhism Continued

• Practices
• 1. Uncut hair, which is kept covered by a turban,
  or dastaar. The dastaar is worn by men and some
  women to cover their long hair.
• 2. The Kirpan is a ceremonial sword, symbolizing
  readiness to protect the weak, and defend against
  injustice and persecution. The kirpan is normally
  worn with a cloth shoulder strap called a gatra.
  The kirpan exemplifies the warrior character of a
  Sikh.
• 3. The Kara is a steel bracelet, symbolizing
  strength and integrity.
• 4. The Kangha is a small wooden comb, symbolizing
  cleanliness and order. The kangha is used to keep
  the hair clean and is normally tucked neatly in
  one's uncut hair. As a Sikh combs their hair
  daily, he or she should also comb their mind with
  the Guru's wisdom.
• 5. Kachhera are cotton boxer shorts, symbolizing
  self-control and chastity prohibition of
  adultery.
• www.religionfacts.org
• http//www.sikhismguide.org/fiveks.aspx

17
Sikhism Continued
Above is the Khanda a double edged sword. It is
a metaphor for divine knowledge.
18
Renaissance Art and Shakespeare

• Why is Shakespeare considered a Classical
  playwright?
• How did Renaissance art differ from medieval art?
  How did it represent the philosophy of Humanism?
  If you can answer those questions then move on!

19
Key Concept 4.2 New Forms of Social
Organizationand Modes of Production

• Although the worlds productive systems continued
  to be heavily centered on agricultural production
  throughout this period, major changes occurred in
  agricultural labor, the systems and locations of
  manufacturing, gender and social structures, and
  environmental processes. A surge in agricultural
  productivity resulted from new methods in crop
  and field rotation and the introduction of new
  crops. Economic growth also depended on new forms
  of manufacturing and new commercial patterns,
  especially in long-distance trade. Political and
  economic centers within regions shifted, and
  merchants social status tended to rise in
  various states. Demographic growth even in
  areas such as the Americas, where disease had
  ravaged the population was restored by the
  eighteenth century and surged in many regions,
  especially with the introduction of American food
  crops throughout the Eastern Hemisphere. The
  Columbian Exchange led to new ways of humans
  interacting with their environments. New forms of
  coerced and semi-coerced labor emerged in Europe,
  Africa, and the Americas, and affected ethnic and
  racial classifications and gender roles.
• I. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and
  changed, plantations expanded, and demand for
  labor increased. These changes both fed and
  responded to growing global demand for raw
  materials and finished products.
• A. Peasant labor intensified in many regions.

20
Frontier Peasant Settlements in Siberia

• The American West and Russia's Far East both
  were just across a mountain barrier from their
  country's original area of settlement. Both
  hinterlands were immense, sparsely populated
  regions that tempted the adventurous and
  restless. In the 19th century, the United States
  enticed settlers to its western territories via
  the Homestead Act. The Czars similarly offered
  Russian peasants the inducement of free land on
  the Siberian frontier. but much much earlier!
  "Fewer than two hundred thousand natives
  scattered in tiny settlements and nomadic
  stopping places across Siberia's five and a third
  million square miles were all that barred their
  advance," notes Dr. Lincoln, a professor at
  Northern Illinois University. Both Siberia and
  the American West were first explored by
  "mountain men" fur traders. Indeed, Dr. Lincoln
  notes, the Siberian fur trade literally made
  Russia's fortune. Until merchant-adventurers,
  such as the famed Stroganov family, began
  shipping back Siberian pelts, Russia was a poor
  nation on the fringe of European affairs. But in
  the 17th century, a fur hat was the mark of a
  European gentleman, and the Siberian sable -- an
  animal the ancient Greeks called the "golden
  fleece"

21
Frontier Peasant Settlements in Siberia

• gave Russia its first export commodity Life on
  Siberia's frontier was as raw and rough as in
  Dodge City or Tombstone When they'd exhausted
  Siberia's animal stock, Russian fur traders
  hopped across the narrow straits separating Asia
  from North America.
• Only when they'd finished exploiting Alaska's
  fur-trading possibilities did the Czars sell off
  their North American territories to the United
  States. http//articles.baltimoresun.com/1994-0
  2-01/features/1994032183_1_siberia-golden-fleece-f
  ur

Siberian Bear Hunter 19th Century
22
Chattel Slavery

• Chattel is movable property.
• A slave is a person without freedom, who is
  treated as property.
• As a result of the European Age of Exploration,
  West Africans were transported as chattel slaves
  to the Americas. Their journey (if they survived)
  was called the Middle Passage. They played an
  integral part of Triangular Trade.
• Muslim Arabs bought and sold chattel slaves in
  Eastern Africa and Southeast Asia.

23
The Creation of Mulattoes and Mestizos
24
Key Concept 4.2

• B. Slavery in Africa continued both the
  traditional incorporation of slaves into
  households and the export of slaves to the
  Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean.
• C. The growth of the plantation economy increased
  the demand for slaves in the Americas.
• D. Colonial economies in the Americas depended on
  a range of coerced labor.
• II. As new social and political elites changed,
  they also restructured new ethnic, racial, and
  gender hierarchies.
• Both imperial conquests and widening global
  economic opportunities contributed to the
  formation of new political and economic elites.
• B. The power of existing political and economic
  elites fluctuated as they confronted new
  challenges to their ability to affect the
  policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs
  and leaders.
• C. Some notable gender and family restructuring
  occurred, including the demographic changes in
  Africa that resulted from the slave trades.
• D. The massive demographic changes in the
  Americas resulted in new ethnic and racial
  classifications.

25
Key Concept 4.3. State Consolidation and Imperial
Expansion

• Empires expanded and conquered new peoples around
  the world, but they often had difficulties
  incorporating culturally, ethnically, and
  religiously diverse subjects, and administrating
  widely dispersed territories. Agents of the
  European powers moved into existing trade
  networks around the world. In Africa and the
  greater Indian Ocean, nascent European empires
  consisted mainly of interconnected trading posts
  and enclaves. In the Americas, European empires
  moved more quickly to settlement and territorial
  control, responding to local demographic and
  commercial conditions. Moreover, the creation of
  European empires in the Americas quickly fostered
  a new Atlantic trade system that included the
  trans-Atlantic slave trade. Around the world,
  empires and states of varying sizes pursued
  strategies of centralization, including more
  efficient taxation systems that placed strains on
  peasant producers, sometimes prompting local
  rebellions. Rulers used public displays of art
  and architecture to legitimize state power.
  African states shared certain characteristics
  with larger Eurasian empires. Changes in African
  and global trading patterns strengthened some
  West and Central African states especially on
  the coast this led to the rise of new states and
  contributed to the decline of states on both the
  coast and in the interior.
• I. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize
  and consolidate their power.
• Rulers used the arts to display political power
  and to legitimize their rule.
• B. Rulers continued to use religious ideas to
  legitimize their rule i.e. Aztec human
  sacrifice. Ouch!

26
Art as a Display of Political Power
Louis XIV The Sun King 1638 - 1715
27
Key Concept 4.3

• C. States treated different ethnic and religious
  groups in ways that utilized their economic
  contributions while limiting their ability to
  challenge the authority of the state.
• D. Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as
  well as the development of military
  professionals, became more common among rulers
  who wanted to maintain centralized control over
  their populations and resources.
• E. Rulers used tribute collection and tax farming
  to generate revenue for territorial expansion.
• II. Imperial expansion relied on the increased
  use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to
  establish large empires in both hemispheres.
• A. Europeans established new trading-post empires
  in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for
  the rulers and merchants involved in new global
  trade networks, but these empires also affected
  the power of the states in interior West and
  Central Africa.
• B. Land empires expanded dramatically in size.
• Examples of land empires
• Manchus
• Mughals
• Ottomans
• Russians

28
Key Concept 4.3 Continued

• C. European states established new maritime
  empires in the Americas.
• Examples of maritime empires
• Portuguese
• Spanish
• Dutch
• French
• British
• III. Competition over trade routes, state
  rivalries, and local resistance all provided
  significant challenges to state consolidation and
  expansion.

29
Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire

• Janissaries were a force of elite infantry loyal
  to the Ottoman emperor. The Janissaries were
  christian slaves, taken from their villages
  between the ages of seven and ten, and raised to
  be loyal soldiers of the emperor, whose personal
  property they were. The Janissaries were trained
  bowmen whose loyalty and lack of political
  connections within the Empire made them
  invaluable to the stronger sultans. Their loyalty
  was gained both through their strict training,
  which took up to ten years, and the prospect of
  great rewards for good service. Some two thirds
  of the Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire up at
  least until the sixteenth century had been
  Janissaries, as were many other officials of the
  empire. It was only when the line of Sultans
  began to weaken that the Janissaries became
  kingmakers. The first Janissaries were probably
  recruited by Orkhan, as a personal bodyguard.
  Their numbers grew, reaching ten thousand in the
  fifteenth century. Rickard, J. (10 October
  2000), Janissaries (Ottoman Empire),
  http//www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_janis
  saries.html

30
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk wearing the traditional
Janissary uniform.
31
Piracy in the Caribbean

• The great era of piracy in the Caribbean extended
  from around 1560 up until the 1720s. Why? The
  Caribbean was a center of European trade and
  colonization from the late 15th Century. In the
  Treaty of Tordesillas the non-European world was
  divided between the Spanish and the Portuguese
  along a north-south line 270 leagues west of the
  Cape Verde Islands. From the 1560s the Spanish
  adopted a convoy system a treasure fleet
  (flota) would sail annually from Seville,
  carrying passengers, troops, and European goods
  to the colonies of the new world. The purpose was
  to transport a year's worth of silver to Europe.
  This made the returning fleet a tempting target,
  although pirates were more likely to shadow the
  fleet to attack stragglers than try and seize the
  main vessels. The United Provinces and England
  were defiantly anti-Spanish for much of the time
  from the 1560s, while the French government was
  seeking to expand its colonial holdings (the
  French had the first non-Spanish hold in the
  Caribbean at St. Augustine, although it was
  short-lived). Aided by their governments English,
  French and Dutch traders and colonists ignored
  the treaty to invade Spanish territory "No peace
  beyond the line." The Spanish could not afford a
  sufficient military presence to control the area
  or enforce their trading laws, especially after
  the defeat of the Spanish Armada by those pesky
  British!

32
Piracy in the Caribbean Continued

• In the Caribbean the use of privateers was
  especially popular. The cost of maintaining a
  fleet to defend the colonies was beyond national
  governments of the 16th and 17th centuries.
  Private vessels would be commissioned into a
  'navy' with a letter of marque, paid with a
  substantial share of whatever they could capture
  from enemy ships and settlements, the rest going
  to the crown. These ships would operate
  independently or as a fleet and if successful the
  rewards could be great when Francis Drake
  captured the Spanish Silver Train at Nombre de
  Dios (Panama's Caribbean port at the time) in
  1573 his crews were rich for life. This
  substantial profit made privateering something of
  a regular line of business. Specific to the
  Caribbean were pirates termed buccaneers. The
  original buccaneers were escapees from the
  colonies, forced to survive with little support
  they had to be skilled at boat construction and
  sailing and hunting. They operated with the
  partial support of the non-Spanish colonies and
  until the 1700s their activities were legal, or
  partially legal and there were irregular
  amnesties from all

33
Piracy in the Caribbean Continued

• nations. Their crews operated as a democracy the
  captain was elected by the crew and they could
  vote to replace him. The captain had to be a
  leader and a fighter in combat he was expected
  to be fighting with his men, not directing
  operations from a distance. Spoils were evenly
  divided into shares when the officers had a
  greater number of shares, it was because they
  took greater risks or had special skills. Often
  the crews would sail without wages "on account"
  and the spoils would be built up over a course
  of months before being divided. They typically
  outmanned trade vessels by a large ratio. There
  was also for some time a social insurance system,
  guaranteeing money or gold for battle wounds at a
  worked-out scale. One undemocratic aspect of the
  buccaneers was that sometimes they would force
  specialists like carpenters to sail with them for
  some time, though they were released when no
  longer needed (if they had not volunteered to
  join by that time). Note also that a typical poor
  man had few other promising career choices at the
  time apart from joining the pirates.

34
Piracy in the Caribbean Continued

• The pirates were egalitarian and liberated slaves
  when taking over slave ships. The decline of
  piracy in the Caribbean paralleled the decline of
  mercenaries and the rise of national armies in
  Europe. Following the end of the Thirty Years War
  national power expanded. The famous pirates of
  the early 18th century were a completely illegal
  remnant of a golden buccaneering age. Contrast
  this with the earlier example of Henry Morgan, a
  pirate who was knighted and made governor of
  Jamaica! As Spanish presence waned in the
  Caribbean, other nations expanded. The English
  had expanded beyond Barbados, with successful
  colonies on St. Kitts and Nevis, Antigua, and
  Bermuda. The French were well established on
  Guadeloupe, Hispaniola and Martinique. The Dutch
  had remained an almost baseless trading presence
  in the area but following the Spanish decline
  they became established at Curaçao and Aruba.

35
Piracy in the Caribbean Continued
36
HW Questions

1. Fill in your Period 4 chart for Sikhism. Your
   COMPLETED chart is due this Thursday!
2. Briefly describe the impact of American maize
   (corn) and sugar in global history.
3. Why did some Russians begin to settle Siberia?
   How was this similar to the settlement of the
   American western frontier?
4. What were the causes and consequences of piracy
   in the Caribbean?
5. Were there more changes or continuities within
   period 4 (1450 1750 CE) ? Focus on at least 2
   regions of the world. (No more than 2 paragraphs)
6. Complete the visual timeline (see the next slide)

37
Period 4 Visual Timeline
Period Four Timeline 1450 CE 1750 CE Your group
must create a visual timeline for the following
events. Keep it simple! If you do it on the
computer, you can email it to all of your group
members.
Date Event
1464 Sonni Ali became ruler of the Songhai Empire, West Africa
1492 Columbuss first voyage
1517 Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses
1600 Spanish Armada
1631 Shaj Jahan built the Taj Mahal for his late wife Mumtaz
1633 Galileo Galilei put on trial
1648 30 Years War ended
1492 Columbuss first voyage
1517 Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses
1600 Spanish Armada
1633 Galileo Galilei put on trial
38
Key Vocabulary

• Buccaneers
• Convoy System
• Janissary
• Maize
• Privateers
• Rum
• Sugar Cane