Bell Ringer 2/25/15

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Bell Ringer 2/25/15

• What was the main foreign policy of the United
  States during the Cold War?

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Chapter 16 Section 2

• The Cold War Abroad and at Home

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Marshall Plan

• Program of American economic assistance to
  Western Europe, announced in 1947

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Berlin Airlift

• Supply of West Berlin by American and British
  planes during a Soviet blockade in 1948-1949

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

• Alliance between the U.S., Canada and Western
  European nations formed in 1949

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collective security

• Policy in which nations agree to protect one
  another against attack

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Warsaw Pact

• Military alliance between the Soviet Union and
  nations of Eastern Europe, formed in 1955

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HUAC

• House Un-American Activities Committee
  congressional committee that investigated
  Communist influence in the U.S. in the 1940s and
  1950s

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Hollywood Ten

• Group of people in the film industry who were
  jailed for refusing to answer congressional
  questions regarding Communist influence in
  Hollywood

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blacklist

• list that is circulated among employers,
  containing names of persons who should not be
  hired

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McCarran-Walter Act

• 1952 immigration law that discriminated against
  potential immigrants from Asia and Southern and
  Central Europe

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Main Idea

• As the Cold War intensified, American policy
  focused on rebuilding and unifying Western
  Europe. At home, emotionally charged spy cases
  raised fears of Communist infiltration into
  American society and government.

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WWII devastated the continent of Europe

• 21 million people became homeless
• industries, transportation and agriculture were
  in ruins

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Turning Point The Marshall Plan

• United States wanted to help create stable
  democracies and achieve economic recovery

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• Marshall Plan - called for the nations of Europe
  to draw up a program for economic recovery.
• -The U.S. would support this program with .
• Secretary of State George C. Marshall (1947)
• Plan hoped to support the growth of democracies
  and open new markets for American goods.
• Soviet Union invited to participate

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17 Western European nations joined
Austria Belgium Denmark France Greece Iceland
Ireland Italy Netherlands Switzerland Norway Portugal
Sweden Turkey United Kingdom West Germany
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• --gtapproved in 1948 and known as the Economic
  Recovery Program
• --gtU.S. sent around 13 billion in aid to
  restore Western Europe

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The Berlin Airlift

• American, British and French leaders merged their
  zones to create the Federal Republic of Germany
  (West Germany)

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• Soviets formed German Democratic Republic (East
  Germany) in 1949
• Berlin was divided between West (Capitalist) and
  East (Communist)

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• Many wanted to escape Soviet occupied Berlin
• Stalin blocked the escape route to West Berlin

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• Shipments of supplies were blocked from entering
  West Berlin
• Food shortages to 2.5 million people

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• Berlin Airlift - Truman ordered supplies to be
  dropped into West Berlin by plane
• Continued for 15 months (over 200,000 flights)
• delivered food, fuel, and other supplies

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• Soviets gave up the blockade in May 1949 and the
  blockade ended

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NATO

• Western Europe needed more than the United
  Nations to protect itself from the Soviets

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• Idea came from Canadian Foreign Minister Louis
  St. Laurent
• needed an association of democratic
  peace-loving states

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• April 1949 - NATO formed (North Atlantic Treaty
  Organization)
• --gtagreed that an armed attack against one or
  more of them...shall be considered an attack
  against them all

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United States Canada Belgium Britain Denmark France
Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Iceland Portugal
NATO
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• Collective security - Mutual military assistance
• Warsaw Pact formed by Soviets as a reaction to
  NATO military alliance
• with satellite nations in Eastern Europe)

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USSR Czechoslovakia Poland Albania
East Germany Romania Bulgaria Hungary
Warsaw Pact
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Q Why did Western Europe feel that the United
Nations was inadequate to protect against Soviet
aggression?

• Because the Soviet Union often used its veto
  power at the UN

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Communist Advances

• Soviet nuclear threat
• U.S/Truman approved development of a hydrogen
  bomb (1950)
• -Tested in 1952
• -U.S. held position as worlds leading nuclear
  power

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Federal Civil Defense Administration

• Formed to educate people on how to survive a
  nuclear attack
• - bomb shelters, air raid drills

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China Falls to the Communists

• Long history of conflict
• Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong

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• 1949 - Peking, China (capital at time) and Jieshi
  fell to Communists
• Mao created Peoples Republic of China
• Jieshi and followers went to Taiwan as the
  Republic of China
• --Received American support

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Q Why was the fall of China seen as a crisis?

• Because of Chinas influence in Asia

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The Cold War at Home

• Red scare created conspiracy theories about
  Americans with Communist ties
• Anyone who ever had Communist ties were persecuted

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The Loyalty Program

• Established by Truman in 1947 for federal
  employees
• All employees hired would be investigated
• Accusations alone were a guilty conviction

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HUAC

• House Un-American Activities Committee (1938)
• investigated mostly Hollywood movie industry

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The Hollywood Ten

• Fall 1947 - HUAC called Hollywood writers,
  directors, actors and
• producers to testify

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Are you now or have you ever been a member of the
Communist party??
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• Hollywood Ten were cited for contempt and put in
  jail
• -- Blacklist created (list of people who
  employers agree not to hire)
• Films became focused on entertainment only,
  not social problems

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The McCarran-Walter Act

• Democrat Pat McCarran led a hunt for Communists
  in America
• Act passed in 1952 establishing a quota for each
  country and discriminated against potential
  immigrants from Asia and Central/Eastern Europe.
• President Truman vetoed the bill but Congress
  passed it

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Spy Cases Inflame the Nation

• Alger Hiss accused by Whittaker Chambers
• --Hiss went to prison for four years

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• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg accused of passing
  atomic secrets to Soviets during WWII
• --convicted of espionage and executed in 1953

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How did Communist advances affect American
foreign policy?
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How did NATO demonstrate the principle of
collective security?
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How did the Cold War affect American life at home?
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How did spy cases affect Americans perception of
a Communist threat in society?