The New Monarchs

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The New Monarchs

• Chapter 13
• Part 7

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The New Monarchs

• Many of basic institutions of the modern state
  were created in the High Middle Ages
• Sheriffs, inquests, juries, circuit judges,
  professional bureaucrats, representative
  assemblies
• But the creation of the nation-state depended on
  a strong monarchy

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Centralization began after the Hundred Years War
(15th C.)

• Biggest problems of the monarchs
• Most important power struggle with the nobility
• Power struggle with the Church was also
  problematic

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Monarchs needed to curb the power of the Nobility

• Monarchs needed to reduce violence establish
  order (both were important to the middle class)
• Monarchs will rely more heavily on the middle
  class as government officials
• The Nobility will be replaced by the middle class
  who will be loyal to the monarch because their
  new positions were all due to the king.
• The nobles positions were inherited and not
  generally given to them by the king

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The monarchs and the Nobility

• To curb the power of the nobles monarchs had to
  be tough, cynical, and ruthless
• Machiavelli Deal with things as they are not
  as they ought to be
• People are ungrateful, barbaric, dishonest,
  stupid
• In the Middle Ages the ideal ruler was just, kind
  and merciful, fairnot any more

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France

• Was fragmented after the Hundred Years War
• Remember, in France, it was a Civil War too
• Problems with Burgundy, etc
• Nobles were vying for the kings power
• Monarch unwilling to share power so no assemblies
• BUT lack of widespread authority tough to
  enforce the law in out-lying areas

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Centralization began with Charles VII (1422-1461)

• Defeated Burgundy in 1477
• Expanded trade
• Reorganized the Royal Council (advisors) by
  packing it with middle class rather than nobles
• Creation of a permanent standing army
• Expanded state control over the Church

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The Galician Church

• The Pragmatic Sanction of the Bourges
  Reaffirmed that the state was more powerful than
  the Church in France.
• Gave the crown power over Church appointments
  (Bishops) and gave the crown the authority to tax
  Church lands in France

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Louis XI (the Spider King)1461-1483

• Was ruthless in dealing with uncooperative
  nobility
• Promoted new industries
• Encouraged skilled craftsmen to come to France
• Made trade agreements with other countries
• Increased taxes and improved army
• Brought Brittany under French control through the
  marriage of his son, Charles to Anne of Brittany

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Charles VIII 1483-1498

• 1494-1498 Invaded Italy at the request of
  Ludivico the Moor (Milan)

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Louis XII 1498-1515

• Also married Anne of Brittany
• Entered into The League of Cambrai prior to the
  invasion of Italy which began the Hapsburg-Valois
  War

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Francis I 1515-1545was the biggest enemy of
Charles V

• Fought the Hapsburgs throughout his reign
• 1516 The Concordat of Balogna with Pope Leo X
• Rescinded earlier Pragmatic Sanction of the
  Bourges.
• Pope could receive first years income of NEW
  bishops and abbots but crown could select new
  bishops and abbots (even more power to the state
  over the Church)

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England

• 100 Years War 1337-1453
• War of the Roses 1455-1485
• Many nobles died due to above
• So a little easier to remove their influence from
  court
• Nobles now controlled by The Star Chamber

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The Tudors

• England small, weak unimportant country
• BUT Growth of a strong monarchy under Henry VII
  (the founder of the dynasty)
• Developed standard government procedures for law,
  taxation
• Tried to avoid foreign wars to decrease
  dependence on Parliament

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Henry VII

• Created the Royal Council
• Made up of mostly middle class
• Had wide powers judicial, executive,
  legislative
• The Star Chamber was an off-shoot of the RC
• Had secret sessions
• Used torture to discourage the ambitions of the
  nobility

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England

• Had no standing army or professional bureaucrats
• Relied on Justices of the Peace for local control
• The crown was supported by upper middle class
  because its policies favored them.
• Security and order is what the upper middle class
  wanted and got

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England

• Henry VII encouraged the cloth industry
• Built up the merchant marine
• Peace with Scotland with marriage of daughter,
  Margaret
• Crushed an Irish rebellion
• Country was in good shape for son, Henry VIII

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Spain

• Spain shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal
• Was divided into 4 kingdoms Castile, Aragon,
  Navarre, Grenada
• 1469 Marriage Ferdinand to Isabella consolidating
  Castile and Aragon
• By 1492 they had conquered the other two and had
  driven the Moors out of Grenada

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The Reconquista

• For centuries the Christians wanted religious
  homogeny in Spain
• The Reconquista Jews and Muslims were strongly
  encouraged to convert or leave (or die)

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Control of the Spanish Church

• Spanish Pope, Alexander VI gave the crown power
  to appoint bishops in Spain and in Spanish
  overseas territories
• Revenue from Church lands went to establish a
  permanent standing army

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The Jews in Spain

• Jews had earlier been expelled from England and
  France
• Was much resentment in Spain
• Jews were the Doctors, Bankers, wealthy
• Most had converted during the Reconquista BUT
  were still not trusted by the bulk of the
  population

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After the Reconquista

• Converts were called Conversos or Marranos
• About 200,000 Jews in Spain
• If the New Christians were protected by the
  crown, the crown would lose popular support
• Popular belief that the conversions were false
  and that the Jews continued to practice their old
  religion

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1480 The Inquisition

• To gain support of the majority of the population
• Was sanctioned by Pope Sixtus IV
• Was used against Jews, Muslims and later,
  Protestants
• No reformation in Spain
• Church had been reformed by Cisneros (Dominican
  humanist author of the Polyglot)

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Centralization of Ferdinand and Isabella

• Began to build overseas empire
• Mesta government organization to encourage sheep
  ranching
• Hermandad alliance of groups in cities and towns
• Were police force and tribunals
• Ruthlessly repressed violence and kept order
• Opposed to the nobility

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The Royal Council

• Aristocrats were excluded
• Members were middle class
• BUT in Spain, not much of a middle class due to
  their expulsion

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The HRE

• 1356 The Golden Bull 7 German electors were
  given the right to name the HRE
• BUT after 1452 the HRE was controlled by the
  Hapsburgs
• The Empire was made up of 300 sovereign states
• The HRE had little power as over time, one after
  another had traded powers for votes